Integumentary Flashcards

Question

lichenification

Answer 1

* thickened skin | * with increased prominence of skin markings

Answer 2

1) Inflammatory 2) Infections 3) Alteration in skin pigmentation 4) Disorders of hair follicles and sebaceous glands 5) Disorders of sweat glands 6) Neoplasia and differentiation alterations 7) others

Answer 3

* dermatitis: allergic, atopic, contact * drug eruptions * eczema * erythema multiforme * erythema nodosum * lichen planus

Answer 4

* boils * carbuncles * erysipelas * erythrasma * folliculitis barbae * impetigo * scalded skin syndrome

Answer 5

* chicken pox * erythema infectiosum * herpes simplex * measles * pityriasis rosea * warts

Answer 6

* dermatophytoses * paronychia * pityriasis versicolour

Answer 7

* albinism * melasma * vitiligo

Answer 8

* acne rosacea * acne vulgaris * alopecia * hypertrichosis * milia * sebaceous cysts

Answer 9

* creeping eruption * pediculosis * scabies

Answer 10

* hyperhidrosis | * miliaria

Answer 11

``` Malignant: • basal cell carcinoma • Kaposi's sarcoma • melanoma • Paget's disease of the nipple • squamous cell carcinoma ```

Answer 12

* callus/corn * dermatitis herpetiformis * icthyosis * keratosis pilaris * pemphigus * pressure sores * psoriasis * solar keratosis

Answer 13

erosion is a mini ulcer

Answer 14

Contact: • irritant • allergic Atopic: eczema ``` Others: • seborrhoeic • varicose • neurodermatitis • nummular • generalized exfoliative ```

Answer 15

* chemical irritants * immediate-hrs after contact * affects everyone mostly the same way * ex: poison ivy ``` Features: • erythema, swelling, vesicles/bullae, oozing/crusting, pruritus, burning • secondary infection maybe • later scaling, lichenification • spreads maybe ```

Answer 16

* delayed hypersensitivity reaction type 4 * to an irritant * only affects some people * days-years to develop * AGENTS: drugs, plants, cosmetics, metals * photoallergic and phytotoxic: requires contact plus light exposure Features: same as contact irritant dermatitis BUT not confined to exposed area

Answer 17

* uncertain aetiology * "dandruff" * scales on scalp (maybe eyebrows, nose, external auditory canal, hairline) * dry or greasy * papules if severe * itchy or not INFANTS: thick yellow crusts, fissures, scales

Answer 18

* venous congestion/ incompetency * fibrin deposits around small blood vessels with vasoconstrictive reflexes ``` Features: • rash on ankles • erythema, scaling, oedema, brown • varicose veins maybe • Maybe secondary bact. inf. and ulceration ```

Answer 19

* psychogenic aetiology * chronic * pruritus complaint, no lesions at first * scratching until lesions * dry, scaly, hyperpigmented, thickened plaques well demarcated * exacerbated by stress * arms, lower legs, occiput most common * maybe anal region, vulva

Answer 20

* unknown aetiology * middle-aged with dry skin * pruritic coin shaped lesions * start as papules and vesicles * then ooze and crust * anywhere, but buttocks and extensor surfaces common

Answer 21

* idiopathic (#1), or irritant systemic drug, secondary to other dermatologic disorder * severe * rapid inflammation * erythema, scaling, thickening * maybe crusting, pruritus * fever, generalized lymphadenopathy

Answer 22

Seborrhoeic dermatitis ("dandruff") in infants • thick yellow crusts • fissures and scales

Answer 23

• skin or mucous membrane eruptions following drugs • most idiopathic or -Hypersensitivity reaction (eg. penicillin) -Excessive accumulation -Interacting with genetic characteristic -Pharmacological action (eg. steroids causing acne) Feature: • eruptions of any other dermatological condition • localized or generalised • usually eruptions characteristic to that drug

Answer 24

* atopic dermatitis, chronic superficial inflam. * idiopathic, Hx of asthma, hay fever * pruritus, itchyosis * flexor surfaces * red, vesicles, puffy, oozing cracks * exacerbated by mood, temperature, friction (wool) * Types: infantile, childhood, adult

Answer 25

* aspirin * penicillin * antibiotics * corticosteroids, phenothiazines * artificial sweeteners * dye tartrazine * anticoagulants * oral contraceptives

Answer 26

* tendency to develop allergic responses to various allergens * particularly protein substances * often have eosinophilia and higher IgE levels

Answer 27

dry, rough, scaly skin

Answer 28

* symmetrical erythematous, oedematous, bullous lesions * acute, recur * annular lesions with concentric rings ("target") * palms, soles, face * fever, malaise, arthralgia * 50% are idiopathic * drugs (penicillin, sulphonamides), vaccines, infectious (herpes simple, coxsackie, echoviruses, pneumonia)

Answer 29

* inflam. skin * pre-tibial region * tender erythematous nodules * mostly young adults FROM: • kids- URT infection (streptococci) • adults- strep. and sarcoidosis Features: • recur for yrs • nodules change pink-> blue-> brown • fever, arthralgia

Answer 30

* recurrent inflam. of skin or mucous membranes * angular shaped papules * FROM: idiopathic or drugs * mainly in adults * flat topped, polygonal shiny violaceous scaly papules * few or many * nails maybe * resolves within 6/12

Answer 31

synonym for boils

Answer 32

* acute, tender, inflam. nodules * staphylococci infection, usually S. pyogenes * inflam. nodule -> pustule -> purulent exudate * < 30mm * on breasts, buttocks, neck, face * recurrent maybe

Answer 33

* cluster of boils * staphylococci infection * infection spreads slow subcutaneous -> deep area -> slow healing -> scar * maybe fever * males > fem * neck

Answer 34

* cellulitis caused by beta haemolytic streptococcus * usually group A * well demarcated, red, shiny, oedematous, tender * limbs or face * systemic symptoms (malaise, fever) * maybe recurrent * maybe cause chronic lymphoedema

Answer 35

* superficial, bacterial (corynebacterium minutissimum) * affects intertriginous areas (between toes) * pink irregular margins -> sharply demarcated, brown, fine scales * looks like chronic fungal infection * more in diabetics

Answer 36

* bacterial infection of hair follicles * superficial or deep * chronic or acute * Staph. aureus (#1) or pseudomonas aeruginosa * harry areas * pustules or inflam. nodules

Answer 37

* contagious superficial inflam. * Staph. aureus (#1) or beta haemolytic strep. * FROM infected nostrils, ears, dirty finger nails, towels, OR secondary to condition (scabies, eczema) ``` Features: • thin wall vesicles and bullae • rupture with honey crusts • itching -> scratching -> new site • pea to coin size • circular • face and ears • clears in month or so ```

Answer 38

* widespread of erythema and peeling * in immunocompromised * epidermolytic toxin from group 11 coagulate positive staph. enters blood * reservoirs: eye, nasopharynx, skin * epidemics occur * localized crusted lesion -> erythematous areas spread -> blisters -> desquamation of large area * systemic features

Answer 39

* Varicella-Zoster virus (herpes) * very communicable Features: • sudden onset slight fever (minimal constitutional symptoms) • skin eruptions maculopapular for few hours -> vesicular for 3-4 days -> granular scab • successive crops with various stages at once • more in covered body parts • also scalp, mucous membranes of mouth, URT, conjunctiva • mild infections • fever sever in adults

Answer 40

Reservoir: humans ``` Occurence: • world wide • 75% of pop. had it by 15yrs • 90% of pop. had it by adulthood • more in winter and early spring ``` Incubation period: 14-21 days

Answer 41

* person to person by direct contact, droplet, airborne spread of resp. tract from chicken pox patient or vesicle fluid of zoster patient * indirect by discharges from vesicles and mucous membranes * very communicable Not infective: scabs Period of communicability: 1-2 days prior to rash, until all lesions crusted over

Answer 42

* death in adults from viral pneumonia * death in kids from septic complications and encephalitis * neonates aged 5-10/7 have increased risk of severe generalized chicken pox with 30% mortality * infections during pregnancy may get congenital malformations

Answer 43

Diagnosis: clinical exam or serological Live, attenuate varicella virus vaccine Universal susceptibility One infection confers long immunity Infection remains latent (recurs as shingles)

Answer 44

* slapped cheek disease | * fifth disease

Answer 45

* Parvovirus B-19 (a DNA virus) * human reservoir * worldwide * 4-20 days incubation period * spread by contact with resp secretions (cough) or mother to foetus * infectious until rash appears (on cheeks a week later) Features: • asymptomatic or • mild self-limiting in kids (flu-like, mild fever, headache, myalgia, chills, cheek rash) • In utero- severe anaemia, spontaneous abortion <5% Diagnosis by rash or IgM antibodies to virus Prevent by respiratory precautions, hand washing

Answer 46

* Herpes virus (types 1 and 2) * human carriers * worldwide occurrence * 1 week incubation * contact with vesicles or saliva * communicable most within few days of onset

Answer 47

* initial infection severe, recurrent is mild * Herpes labialis (lip-cold sore) * Genital herpes * Herpetic gingivostomatitis (oropharyngeal cavity * vesicles erythematous base -> rupture -> crust * Diagnosis: symptoms or culture or PCR of fluid * Prevention: safe sex, antivirals

Answer 48

* rubeola | * morbilli

Answer 49

* measles virus of family paramyxoviruses (RNA virus) * human reservoir * prior to immunisation was epidemic every other year * now just in preschool, adolescents, young adults, immunosuppressed * 10/7 from exposure to onset of fever, 14/7 until rash

Answer 50

* droplet spread or direct nasal or throat secretion contact * very communicable * just beginning of prodrome to 4/7 after appearance of rash is most communicable * low a2/7 after rash

Answer 51

* acute * prodromal fever, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough * Koplik spots on ducal mucosa next to molars (lasts 24hrs) * red blotchy rash after 3-7 days (face -> spreads) -> 4-7/7 -> ends in desquamation * rarely: haemorrhage measles, mouth sores, protein losing enteropathy, dehydration, severe skin reactions Diagnosed clinically (#1) or • viral Ag in nasopharyngeal aspirate or • virus isolation from blood, conjunctiva, nasopharynx, urine or • rice in specific IgM Ab titre

Answer 52

Due to virus replication or bacterial superinfection • otitis media • pneumonia • encephalitis

Answer 53

* MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) at 12 months with booster at 4yrs * passive immunization with human immune globulin is value for post-exposure prophylaxis * live attenuated vaccine -> active immunity in 95% -> produce aninapparent or mild but non communicable disease * 5-30% mildly unwell, fever malaise * should not get pregnant 1-2/12 after vaccine * immune suppressed should not receive vaccine

Answer 54

* all persons susceptible * acquired immunity after disease is usually permanent * infants born to immune mother have immunity for 6-9/12

Answer 55

* macule, papules, scaly, oval, pink * trunk and proximal limbs, along natural skin creases * small outbreaks in schools and families * mild, self limiting in 6-10/52 * starts with herald patch, then many more

Answer 56

* common * contagious, benign lesions * derived from epithelial cells * viral (HPV) (#1), syphilic, malignant, TB * hyperkeratosis (give its density), acanthosis and papillomatosis * difficult to treat when large in number * liable to recur

Answer 57

* Common (hand, foot, rough) * Plantar (pressure point foot) * Plane (flat, flesh colour, hard to see, face, hands, knee, young) * Filiform (thick, long, neck, middle aged) * Accumulate (cauliflower, soft, stink, genitals)

Answer 58

* mycotic diseases of keratinized areas of body (hair, skin, nails) * caused by various fungi (dermatophytes) Categories: capitis, unguium, corporis, cruris, pedis

Answer 59

* tinea | * ringworm

Answer 60

* scalp and beard * Reservoir: man, dogs, cats, cattle * Transmission: skin to skin or indirect (seats, barber clippers, toilet articles, hair on clothing) * common occurrence * 10-14/7 incubation * fungus persists on contaminated articles as long as lesions are present and viable (reinfection rare) Features: • gradual onset • small papule spreads peripheral -> scaly bald patch • kerions sometimes (raised suppurative lesions) • spread to eyelids, neck, trunk

Answer 61

* nails, onychomycosis * chronic fungal * Reservoir: man (rare animals or soil) * Transmission: direct contact with skin or nail lesions, possible from indirect contact (ie. contaminated floors and shower stalls), low rate of transmission * common occurrence * unknown incubation * communicable as long as infected lesion is present * injury to nail predisposes to infection (reinfection infrequent) Features: • thicken, discoloured, brittle nails • caseous material beneath nail • chalky disintegrating nail

Answer 62

Corporis: body Cruris: groin and perianal (jock itch) -fungal * Reservoir: man, animal soil * direct or indirect contact with lesions (floors, showers, benches) * worldwide, relatively frequent * 4-10/7 incubation * communicable as long as lesions are present, viable fungus lives on contaminated articles * widespread, aggravated by friction and excess perspiration in axillary and inguinal regions and when environmental temperature and humidity is high ``` Features: • flat, spreading, ring shape • red periphery, vesicular or pustular • dry, scaly, or moist, crusted • DDx from inguinal candidiasis and tuberculoid leprosy ```

Answer 63

* foot (athletes foot) * Reservoir: man * direct or indirect (contaminated floors, shower) * worldwide occurrence (adults>children, males>females) * unknown incubation * variable, infection may be unaparent. repeated attacks are frequent Features: • scaling, cracking • between toes • blisters containing thin, watery fluid

Answer 64

• infection of periungal region ``` Acute: • through break in epithelium • staph aureus. proteus sp, pseudomonas, candida • inflammation, pain • maybe pus -> abscess ``` Chronic: • mixed bacteria and fungi • individuals with prolonged contact with water • swelling, distortion of nail

Answer 65

* chronic, symptomless, fungus infection * gradual onset * macular lesions * fawn or cafe au lait * well defined, varied sizes, may coalesce * resembles vitiligo * fine brawny scales * chest, back, axilla

Answer 66

* parasitic, pruritic skin infection * Anclyostoma braziliense (hookworm in dog or cat) * winding line * lower part of body that has contacted soil contaminated by larvae of worm

Answer 67

• individual infested by lice • common in overcrowded or poor hygiene • transmission by direct contact, clothing, combs, sexually 3 types: • scalp and hair: Pediculosis humanus capitis • Body: Pediculosis humans corporis • Pubic hair: Phthirus pubis

Answer 68

* pruritus of scalp * post-/supra-auricular, occipital areas mostly * scratching causes excoriations, bacterial invasion, post-auricular lymphadenopathy, dermatitis * nits (small white eggs on hair roots) * lice on scalp

Answer 69

* pruritus * small red lesions, scratch marks, urticaria, infection * lice on clothes, not body

Answer 70

• lice or nits in pubic or ano-genital region or their excreta in underwear

Answer 71

* parasitic infestation of skin with severe pruritis * mite Sarcoptes scabiei * readily transmitted by direct contact (less by clothing and bedding) * symptoms 4-6weeks post infection * delayed hypersensitivity reaction * worse pruritus at night * papular eruption (many) * superficial burrows <1cm look like fine wavy lines * Finger webs, flexor surfaces wrist & elbow, axilla, areolas, male genitals, buttocks

Answer 72

* melanocytes do not make melanin * rare * autosomal recessive * pale skin, white hair, pink eyes * sunburn easy, prone to skin cancer

Answer 73

* areas of hyperpigmentation * usually face * FROM: pregnancy or oral contraceptive pill * dark brown symmetrical areas * forehead, temples, upper cheeks

Answer 74

* common * depigmentation of skin * unknown aetiology (maybe familial, autoimmune) * areas have no melanocytes * well demarcated areas

Answer 75

* chronic inflam. of central face * acneiform lesions and telangiectasia * unknown aetiology (things that cause persistent reflex flushing) * women > men (most peri-menopausal)

Answer 76

* high sunlight exposure (farmers, sailors) * chronic alcoholism * spicy diet * hot drinks * maybe depressed

Answer 77

* gradual bouts of facial flushing * papular and pustular lesions * chin, cheeks, nose, forehead, neck chest * no blackheads * maybe rhinophyma * men, alcoholics Complications: conjunctivitis, iritis, keratitis

Answer 78

hypertrophy of nose

Answer 79

* chronic inflam. of comedones, papules,, pustules, (sometimes cysts) * of sebaceous follicles and glands * puberty (androgens cause increase sebaceous gland activity) * exact cause unknown (maybe familial) * gradual onset of lesions on face, chest, back, back of neck * greasy skin * few to hundreds * dandruff * comedones, milia, pustules

Answer 80

* plugging of hair follicles by keratin -> retention of sebum -> comedone -> infected with skin bacteria * milia and comedones Factors: • obstruction of pilo-sebaceous canal • skin lipid changes • bacterial involvement of follicles

Answer 81

Both happen in acne vulgaris * blackhead * happens in acne vulgaris * black tip due to oxidation of sebaceous material * surrounded by inflammatory infiltrate * sometimes pus ``` Milia : • white head • happens in acne vulgaris • white and not black because not exposed -> no oxidation • on face or scrotum • sebaceous cyst ```

Answer 82

* partial or complete loss of hair * idiopathic or age, drugs, hair pulling, local disease, systemic, genetic Types : • Non scarring- partial hair loss • Scarring- follows skin inflam. or injury • Areata- circumscribed area • Toxic- temporary, months after febrile illness • Trichotillomania- kids, hairs of varying lengths

Answer 83

``` • excessive hair growth FROM : • familial tendency • endocrine with excess androgen • post-menopausal • Drugs (corticosteroids, androgenic steroids) ```

Answer 84

* keratinous cyst | * wen

Answer 85

* cystic lesion containing sebaceous, follicular and keratinous material * accumulation of sebaceous material under skin * slow growing * globular * firm to touch * non-tender unless secondary infection * material iside is greasy, cream-yellow, malodorous

Answer 86

* overactivity of sweat glands * excessive perspiration * generalized or local (axilla, groin, palms, soles, under breasts) * moist skin, maybe discoloured, malodorous ``` FROM: • psychogenic • skin disease • fever • hyperhyroidism • CNS disorder (rare) ```

Answer 87

prickly heat

Answer 88

* acute pruritic inflam. skin with retention of sweat * pruritus or prickly feeling * minute superficial (transparent or red) OR deep, large painful lesions * targets where many sweat glands FROM: excess environm. temp & humidity -> swelling of horny epidermis layer -> sweat can't reach skin -> irritation of epidermis or dermis

Answer 89

* hyperplasia of blood or lymphatic vessels * NOT tumours * overgrowth of blood vessels in localized area * many types

Answer 90

* Vascular nevi: post wine stain (flat, pink, at birth, permanent) * Haemangiomas: - capillary (strawberry, elevated, red, develops, fades) - cavernous (elevated, purple, large, permanent) - spider angioma (projections, red, oestrogen) • Lymphangioma (elevated, not red)

Answer 91

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 92

* from sun exposure * >40yrs, males * slow growing * pin head - pea size * shiny, raised edges * may ulcer or not * maybe crust that bleeds * depressed centre with rolled border

Answer 93

* deep tissue invasion and metastasis in local nodes | * local extension into complex structures

Answer 94

* common * lesion of fibroblast tissue * unknown aetiology * papule or nodule * red-brown * most common on legs

Answer 95

* common pigmented lesion * maybe familial * single or multiple * large * variegated colours * irregular borders * macular and papular sections

Answer 96

* malignancy of foci in dermis, extending into epidermis * FROM: herpes type 8 or AIDS form Features in AIDS patient: • papules, nodules, plaques start super body then spread • round or oval • pink, red, purple, brown • maybe visceral or lymph node involvement Features in non-AIDS patient: • purple-brown papules, nodules and plaques on lower limbs • invasion into deeper tissues • maybe visceral and node ivolvement

Answer 97

* hypertrophied scar | * excessive number of fibroblasts, blood vessels, collagen at wound site

Answer 98

* benign, nodular skin lesion with sloping edges and ulcerated centre * probably from sun exposure, fair people * fast growing nodule * starts fleshy papule -> keratotic core with fleshy rim -> maybe fleshy umbilicate nodule * usually 1cm * resolves spontaneously in 3/12 -> scar * DDx basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 99

* very common * benign tumour from adipocytes * unknown aetiology * most upper body * often multiple * soft, mobile, subcutaneous * usually asymptomatic

Answer 100

* common (avrg. 50 per person, increase with age) * pigmented skin lesion * potential to become malignant * proliferation of pigment cells in epidermis or dermis * inherited tendency * flat or elevated * flesh coloured or dark-brown * macules and papules

Answer 101

* Giant hairy naevus * Halo naevi * Blue naevus

Answer 102

* type of melanocytic naevi * large, hairy, congenital nevi * pigmented plaques >1cm * present with hair at birth * not homogenous * get irregularly papular and hypertrophic with age * high chance of malignant transformation if big * if on neck -> may proliferate and block CSF -> hydrocephalus

Answer 103

* type of melanocytic naevi * occur in young adulthood * depigmentation around them * mole may fade, leaving the ring * no pathological significance

Answer 104

* type of melanocytic naevi * dark grey-blue or blue-black dermal papule with smooth surface * young adulthood onset * represents pigment cell proliferation deep in dermis * no malignant potential * DDx for melanoma

Answer 105

* 20% of melanomas start as moles | * moles under trauma do NOT have more chance of being malignant

Answer 106

* malignant growth derived from melanocytes or pigmented cells * arise from skin or mucous membranes

Answer 107

* Lentigo maligna * Superficial spreading * Nodular * Acral-lentiginous (rare)

Answer 108

* 80% from normally pigmented skin (rest from moles) * fair skinned people * if dark skin: palms, soles, mucous membranes

Answer 109

* 30% of melanomas * macule (confined to epidermis) * slow, dark, on face * elderly white * irregular border, indistinct edges * multiple shades * eventually develop invasive node * may metastasise but less aggressive than other types * 100% cure if treated in slow stage (before nodule)

Answer 110

* 50% of melanomas * slightly elevated plaque * anywhere * irregular border, blurring pigment into surrounding skin, * various shades * maybe rim of pink * fragile, bleed, ooze * small plaque (epidermis and dermis) 6-24months -> highly invasive nodule * 90% cure if treated before nodule * poor prognosis if nodule stage

Answer 111

* 20% of melanomas * sudden as papule or nodule -> metastasize in weeks into dermis and blood vessels -> initial lesion may leave * blue-black-brown * easily bleeds * pink rim * poor prognosis unless quick excision

Answer 112

* rapid growth * diffusion or pigment into surrounding skin (ink blob) * inflammation surrounding skin * bleeding, oozing, crusting * Asymmetry, Borders irregular, Colour uneven, Diameter large

Answer 113

* ductal carcinoma of breast with overlying dermatitis of areola * unknown aetiology * breast lump, unilateral dermatitis of the areola

Answer 114

* vascular nodule of granulation tissue * not from bacteria or granuloma * develops at sight of recent injury * nodular, brown, blue-black, dark red * rapid growth * friable, may bleed easy * DDx of melanoma or skin malignancy

Answer 115

Seborrheic keratoses

Answer 116

* superficial skin lesions, pigmented, warty appearance * not viral origin, not seborrhoea * unknown aetiology * middle aged white people * familial predisposition * more risk by sun damage * light-dark brown patches * trunk, scalp, face * papular, 1-2cm, round, flat surface * keratin cap easily peeled off

Answer 117

* very common * small, pedunculate lesions * predominantly on neck, axilla, groin * skin colour or hyper pigmented * rare symptoms

Answer 118

• invasive tumour from Malpighian layer of epithelium • sun exposed skin of fair people • elderly • from skin or mucous membrane OR pre-existing lesion: -leukoplakia, senile keratosis, chronic inflammation sites • gradual onset • opaque, skin colour, fleshy papule, nodule or plaque • scaly, keratotic or eroded • ulceration, inverted edge • oozing, bleeding • metastasize widely • more aggressive if risen from pre-existing lesion

Answer 119

* well defined area of hyperkeratosis * site exposed to repetitive trauma * pressure, friction * hands, feet, over bony prominence * superficial * roughened skin

Answer 120

*same as callus but painful or tender * well defined area of hyperkeratosis * MTPs and IPs * pressure or friction * hard or soft * painful or tender

Answer 121

* chronic, pruritic skin diseases of cluster of papules, vesicles, urticaria like lesions * Acompanied by gluten sensitive enteropathy * IgA in most lesions * gradual onset * intensely pruritic * mainly extensor surfaces, symmetrical

Answer 122

* plugs of horny material fill and block orifices of hair follicles * unknown aetiology * common * multiple small, pointed * lateral arms, buttocks, thighs

Answer 123

* autoimmune disorder of bullae and erosions on skin and mucous membranes * many types * uncommon * FROM: autoimmune response where IgG forms to surface antigens on cells of epidermis -> decrease in cohesiveness of epidermal keratinocytes -> blistering * middle aged and elderly * in areas in which stratified squamous epithelium is found * first in mouth * bullae -> rupture -> painful erosions and crusting

Answer 124

* bedsores * trophic ulcer * decubitus ulcers

Answer 125

• areas of ulceration over bony prominences as a consequence of prolonged pressure from external objects FROM: • intrinsic or extrinsic factors -> prolonged pressure on tissues -> ischaemic necrosis -> ulceration • Extrinsic: immobilized, bed ridden • Intrinsic: malnutrition, anaemia, tissue atrophy, infection, poor circulation, lost sensation ``` Features: • erythema (early) • abrasions, shallow craters, blisters • infection may be superimposed • necrosis deepens, crater gets bigger • necrosis of muscles, tendons, bones, joints (later), cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis ```

Answer 126

actinic keratosis

Answer 127

* rough horny lesion on areas exposed to sunlight * rare malignant change -> squamous cell carcinoma * from chronic sunlight exposure * usually on fair skinned individuals >40 * pink/red macules or fleshy papules covered by adherent grey, white or yellow scale * indistinct margins are common * scale periodically * painful to remove prematurely -> bleed * tender * pinhead to coin size * malignant if inflammation or induration edges

Answer 128

* dry skin * varies in severity * scaling and peeling if severe * caused by environmental conditions, skin disorders, hereditary

Answer 129

* chronic inflammatory disease of defined papules or plaques * lesions red with silvery scales * rarely acute or life threatening * unknown aetiology, maybe familial * Predisposing factors: trauma (laceration of skin), acute infections (tonsillitis), psychological upset

Answer 130

* affects 1-2% of individuals * less in Asians and Africans * male = female * common on 15-30yrs * more common in cooler climates, winter

Answer 131

* gradual, occasionally explosive * partial remissions * papular, dry and scaly * silver scaly lesions on erythematous base * removal causes bleeding * edges well defined * on extensor surfaces (knees and elbows) * scalp, sacral region, chest, face, abdomen, genitalia * Koebner's phenomenon * psoriatic arthropathy in 5-10% * nail pitting

Answer 132

``` dead tissue • psoriasis • excess scratching • dermatitis • aging ```

Answer 133

``` fluid filled sacs (blisters) • irritation to skin (trauma) • dermatitis • herpes simplex • herpes zoster • impetigo ```

Answer 134

pus filled sacs • acne (#1) • insect bites • smallpox

Answer 135

``` Itchy skin • dry skin (Icthyosis) • eczema • drug reactions • psychological ```

Answer 136

Hairiness • excess androgens (metabolic syndrome, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumours, adrenal gland tumours) • testosterone supplements • genetics

Answer 137

``` circumsised raised itchy bump • mosquito bite • infection • hives • drug reaction ```

Answer 138

excavation through epidermis and dermis • venous leg ulcers • pressure sores • infection

Answer 139

* lipomas * Keratoacanthoma * melanocytes naevi

Answer 140

* angiomas * Keloid * dermatofibroma * dysplastic naevi * pyogenic granoloma * seborrhoeic keratoses * skin tag

Integumentary Flashcards

(168 cards)