Integumentary system 1

Question 0

what % is skin in total body weight

Answer 0

7%, 10lb

Question 1

Skin aka

Answer 1

cutaneous membrane

Question 2

function of integumentary system

Answer 2

1. Regulate body temperature
2. stores blood
3. protects body from external environment
4. Detects cutaneous sensations/provides sensory information about the surrounding environment
5. Excretes and absorbs substances
6. Synthesizes Vit. D

Question 3

Epidermis

Answer 3

superficial thinner portion layer
contains epithelial tissue
Avascular
Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

Dermis

Answer 4

Deep thicker portion/layer
Contains connective tissue
Vascular

Question 5

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

Answer 5

Not a part of the skin
Attaches dermis to underlaying fascia
contains areolar and adipose tissue
Functions
Fat storage
an area of blood vessel passage
an area of pressure-sensing nerve endings

Question 6

Deep to subcutaneous layer

Answer 6

Fascia

the connective tissue around muscle and bone

Question 7

5 (or 4) layer of the Epidermis

Answer 7

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum (only in palms ad soles)
stratum corneum

Question 8

Four principle cells of the Epidermis

Answer 8

Keratinocytes - produce the protein keratin. waterproof sealant
Melanocytes - produce the pigment melanin for skin color and absorbs uv light
Langerhans cells - derived from bone marrow, participating in immune response
merkel cells - sensory structure called tactile (Merkel) disc and function in the sensation of touch

Question 9

slowly senses touch near surface

Answer 9

Merkel (tactile) disc

Question 10

Rapidly senses touch near surface

Answer 10

Meissner corpuscle

Question 11

Slowly senses stretching in deep layers of skin

Answer 11

Ruffini corpuscle

Question 12

Senses movement of the hair

Answer 12

Hair root plexus

Question 13

Senses pressure

Answer 13

Pacinian corpuscle

Question 14

Free nerve endings that senses pain rapidly

Answer 14

Nociceptors

Question 15

What does stratum basale aka stratum germinativum have

Answer 15

1. Deepest layer, a single row cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
2. contains merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes and stem cells that divide repeatedly to produce keratinocytes
3. Keratinocytes have a cytoskelton of tonofilaments
4. cells attached to each other and to basement membrane by desmosomes and hemi-desmosomes

Question 16

When the germinal portion of the epidermis is destroyed…

Answer 16

new skin can not regenerate with a skin graft

Question 17

Stratum spinosum is

Answer 17

• providing strength and flexibility to the skin
• 8-10 cell layers are held together by desmosomes
• During slide preparation, cells shrink and appear spiny (where attached to other cells by desmosomes)
• Melanin is taken in by keratinocytes (via phagocytosis) from nearby melanocytes

Question 18

Stratum Granulosum is

Answer 18

transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata

• 3-5 layers of flat dying cells that show nuclear degeneration (example of apoptosis)
• contain lamellar granules that release lipid that repels water
• contain dark-staining keratohyalin granules that convert tonofilaments into keratin

Question 19

Stratum Lucidum is

Answer 19

only in the finger tips, palms, soles
three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells
contains precursor of keratin

Question 20

Stratum corneum is

Answer 20

• 25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
• continuously shed
• barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals and bacteria
• lamellar granules in this layer make it water-repellent
• constant exposure to friction will cause this layer to increase in depth with the formation of a callus, an abnormal thickening of the epidermis

Question 21

Keratinization is

Answer 21

replacement of cell contents with the protein keratin, occurs as cells move to the skin surface over 4-6 weeks

Question 22

what hormon plays a role in epidermal growth

Answer 22

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

Question 23

What is dandruff

Answer 23

an excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from the skin of the scalp

Question 24

a chronic skin disorder characterized by a more rapid division and movement of keratinocytes through the epidermal strata

Answer 24

Psoriasis cells shed in 7-1- days as flaky silvery scales commonly found at knees, elbows and scalp

Question 25

skin grafts (3)

Answer 25

autograft - self isograft - twin autologous graft - patient's skin grown in culture

Question 26

Dermis is

Answer 26

connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastin fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages and fat cells contains hair follicles, glands, nerves and blood vessels THICKER than the epidermis, thickness varies, thickest in sole and palms

Question 27

Two major regions of dermis

Answer 27

papillary region | reticular region

Question 28

papillary region

Answer 28

top 20 % thin Areolar collagen tissue and fine elastic fibres for strength and extensibility, adipose cells, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous gland surface area is increased by finger like projections - dermal papillae

Question 29

Dermal papillae does (3)

Answer 29

- anchors epidermis to dermis - contain capillaries that feed epidermis - contains Meissner's corpuscles (touch) and free nerve endings for sensations of heat, cold, pain, tickle and itch

Question 30

The reticular region

Answer 30

bottom 80% of dermis attached to the subcutaneous layer Dense irregular connective tissue contains interlacing collagen and elastic fibres contains oil glands, sweat gland, ducts, fat and hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves provides strength, extensibility and elasticity to skin

Question 31

Epidermal ridges

Answer 31

from as downward projections of the epidermis in fetus (3 month) Epidermis confirms to dermal papillae Finger prints are left by sweat glands open on ridges increase grip of hand

Question 32

dermal tears from extreme stretching

Answer 32

stretch marks

Question 33

3 pigments contributing to Skin color

Answer 33

Melanin - pale-yellow to reddish-brown to black Carotene - yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their color (located in Dermis, precursor of vitamin A used to synthesize pigments needed for vision) Hemoglobin: red, oxygen-carrying pigment in blood cells

Question 34

Where is Melanin produced and what converts to melanin?

Answer 34

produced in epidermis by melanocytes melanocytes convert TYROSINE to melanin UV in sunlight increases melanin production Same number of melanocytes in everyone, but different amount of pigments produced

Question 35

Where is Carotene found?

Answer 35

in dermis, in stratum corneum and dermis

Question 36

paleness maybe due to shock or anemia

Answer 36

pallor

Question 37

yellow color to skin and whites of eyes due to build up of yellow bilirubin in blood from lier disease

Answer 37

jaundice

Question 38

bluish color to nail beds and skin due to hemoglobin depleted of oxygen

Answer 38

cyanosis

Question 39

redness of skin due to enlargement of capillaries in dermis

Answer 39

Erythema - inflammation, infection, allergy or burns

Question 40

Frecles

Answer 40

genetic prediposition | melanin accumulates in patches, reddish brown

Question 41

age spots

Answer 41

(liver spots) Flat blemishes, light brown to black (darker than freckles) accumulations of melanin over time due to sunlight don't fade in winter >40 years of age

Question 42

Nevus (mole)

Answer 42

Develops in childhood or adolescence | round flat or raised benign over-growth of melanocytes

Question 43

inherited inability to produce melanin due to melanocytes inability to produce tyrosinase

Answer 43

Albinism | Affects vision and sunburn easily

Question 44

Complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin creates white spots

Answer 44

Vitiligo | may be due to an auto-immune response in which antibodies attack melanocytes

Question 45

Collagen fibers in reticular region orient in one direction

Answer 45

``` Tension lines (indicate direction of fibers) Surgery along direction of fibers decreases scarring ```

Question 46

Pigment injected into dermis

Answer 46

Tatooing

Question 47

Body piercing may interfere with

Answer 47

``` resuscitation masks airway management procedures urinary catheters radiographs delivery of baby ```