1
Q
FBI Intelligence Definition
A
information that has been analyzed and refined that is useful to policymakers in making decisions- specifically decisions about potential threats to our NATIONAL SECURITY
2
Q
CIA Intelligence Definition
A
Knowledge and foreknowledge of the world around us - the prelude to decision and action by US policymakers.
3
Q
Joint Chief of Staff Intelligence Definition
A
The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations.
4
Q
Sherman Kent Intelligence Definition
A
The knowledge which our highly placed civilians and military officials must have to safeguard the national welfare.
5
Q
Lowenthal Intelligence Definition
A
The process by which specific types of information important to national security are requested, collected, analyzed, and provided to policymakers. The products of these above processes. The safeguarding of these processes and this information by counterintelligence activities. The carrying out of operations as requested by lawful authorities.
6
Q
Common Intelligence Definition
A
A process, product, or organization that is focused externally and uses information from all available sources, to reduce the level of uncertainty for a decision-maker.
7
Q
Intelligence is…
A
- Evaluated, filtered, distilled, analyzed information
- End product of a complex process
- Secret
- Meets the needs of policymakers and decision-makers
8
Q
Information is…
A
- Scattered bits of data
- Unrefined
- Raw & unfinished
- Not secret (anything that can be known)
- Not oriented to meet the needs of policymakers and decision-makers
9
Q
Levels of Intelligence
A
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
10
Q
Strategic
A
- Addresses the “big picture”
- Speaks to executive-level issues relevant over months and years
- Deals with mission, goals, objectives, programs, and resource planning
- Focuses on emerging problems, continuing problems, risk and threat assessments
- Uses large amounts of organizational resources
11
Q
Operational
A
- Bridges the gap between strategic and tactical intelligence
- Supports ongoing operations and investigations
- Plans and tasks tactical activities
- Involves multiple targets
- Involves multiple jurisdictions or agencies
- Focuses on issues relevant over days to weeks.
12
Q
Tactical
A
- Facilities immediate action that is short-range in nature
- Targets a specific activity
- Meets the unit’s daily needs
- Requires little coordination
- Focuses on issues relevant over hours to days.
13
Q
Founding Fathers of Intelligence
A
- George Washington
- John Jay
- Benjamin Franklin
14
Q
George Washington (First Intel Chief and Founding Father of American collection of foreign intelligence)
A
- Initially served as his own chief of intelligence
- Kept very detailed records of money spent on information ($17,000 aka 10% of the military budget was spent on secret intelligence)
- Skillful spymaster who VALUED espionage
- Established the “Knowlton’s Rangers” which was the 1st American military intelligence organization
- These agents reported back on the DAILY on British troop movements, plans as well as intentions of enemy commanders
- Prized detail and speed in intelligence reports
- Wanted multiple reports (verification)
- Used deception operations very effectively
- Attack NYC instead of Yorktown
- Force Multiplier
- Relied on Local Knowledge
- Did not have a significant intelligence staff or organization
15
Q
John Jay (America’s First Counterintelligence Chief and later a lawyer and a supreme court justice)
A
- Focused on detecting and arresting Tories and Tory sympathizers
- STOPPED A BODYGUARD FROM ASSASSINATING WASHINGTON
- Critical in establishing the right of the - Executive branch to conduct intelligence activities in secrecy
- Wrote the Federalist papers
16
Q
Benjamin Franklin (Master of Covert Action)
A
- Headed American mission to France to secure aid from 1776-1785
- Considered “Subtle” and “charming” (He was liked by many)
- Exploited his control of information
Ex. said the US was going to negotiate with Britain (France’s enemy) to get French assistance - Excelled in propaganda and disinformation
- Examples of his propaganda:
Letters from a “Prussian Prince” while envoy to Britain (1773) decrying British dominance in America - “Edict from the King of Prussia” suggested Prussian dominance over Britain - “Sale of the Hessians” is a fictitious letter suggesting Hessian commanders allow more Hessians to die to enhance mercenary revenue from Britain
PRACTICED COVERT OPERATIONS
Examples of covert operations:
Privateers (Pirates that work for the good guys) attack British shipping
17
Q
Is Secrecy A Key factor in Intelligence?
A
Yes. Secrecy is important!!!
WE DO NOT WANT THE OTHER GUY TO KNOW WHAT WE ARE DOING. WE TRY TO PROTECT WHAT WE KNOW.
18
Q
Types of Intelligence
A
- National Security
- Law Enforcement
- Competitive/Private Sector Intelligence
19
Q
National Security
A
- Goal: avoid strategic surprises
- Provides long-term expertise (offset policymaker turnover)
- The big guys tell the little guys what they know (Institutional Memory)
- Informs decision-makers of options
- Must find out: What are the intentions of our enemies and potential adversaries?
20
Q
Law Enforcement
A
Must find out:
- Why is crime increasing or decreasing?
- Gangs? Drugs? Prostitution? Poverty?
- What kinds of crimes are happening?
- Who is committing these crimes?
- What criminals are associated?
- What connections can be made?
- How efficiently is the agency running?
21
Q
Competitive/Private Sector Intelligence
A
Must find out:
- What is driving competition in my industry?
- What actions are competitors likely to take? What’s the best way to respond?
- How will my industry evolve?
- How can the firm be best positioned to compete in the long run?
22
Q
3 Ways to think about Intelligence
A
A process
A product
An organization
23
Q
The Intelligence Cycle
A
- Requirements
- Collection
- Processing and exploitation
- Analysis
- Production
- Dissemination
- Consumption
- Feedback
24
Q
Requirements
A
- “Terms of Reference” or “Directions”
- What does my decision maker want to know?
25
Collection
- Gathering raw data from which finished intelligence is produced
- Collection disciplines
26
Examples of Types of Collection
- HUMINT (agents, informants, and observers)
- OSINT (public documents, newspapers, books, journals, TV and radio
- MASINT (acoustic and radiation)
- SIGINT (communications, electronic and telemetry)
- GEOINT (photo/digital imagery, electro-optical, radar, infrared and multispectral)
27
Processing and exploitation
P
- Converting large amounts of data to a form suitable for producing finished intelligence
- It can involve translating or decrypting
E
- Collation- information review, indexing and filing
- Evaluation
ASK
Is this info collected enough?
Is it the right information?
Is it of value?
28
CRAAP
C urrency
R elevance
A uthority
A ccuracy
P urpose
29
Analysis
- The integration
- The evaluation
- Synthesis of all available, pertinent data
30
Production
The preparation of a variety of intelligence products.
31
Dissemination
- To whom will the report be distributed?
- How quickly should it be reported?
- What is the best vehicle for reporting it/ (ex. notes, photos, slide deck)
32
Consumption
- How the decision maker engaged with your report
- Written/reading? Oral/aural?
- Videos, charts/graphs, etc
33
Democracies
MORE RULES!!!!!!!!!!!!
Legal restrictions on power/authority
Subordinate to government and/or 3rd party oversight
Generally focused outward, on foreign threats
34
Totalitarian
Greater powers/authority
Oversight more limited
Heavier focus inward, for regime preservation
Sometimes significant agency overlap
Tool of state, look internally
35
The CIA was an organization that replaced which two previous organizations?
1. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) - created during WW2 for foreign intelligence
2. Central Intelligence Group (CIG) - created in 1946 to coordinate intelligence
35
3 Agencies created by the National Security Act (July, 26, 1947)
1. Unified Department of Defense (DoD) - combined war and navy departments
2. National Security Council (NSC)
3. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
36
What are the 5 duties that the CIA has under the National Security Act of 1947?
1. Advise the NSC (National Security Council) on Intelligence related to national security
2. Make recommendations to the NSC about coordinating national security intelligence activities.
3. Correlate, evaluate, and disseminate national security intelligence to the government.
4. Other intelligence services that NSC determines would best be accomplished centrally.
5. "Such other functions and duties related to intelligence affecting the national security as the National Security Council may from time to time direct.”
37
Clandestine Operations
Emphasis - conceal the operation
Example - steal enemy intel products
example 2.0 - If I cloned all the info on your phone, you probably wouldn't know it happened let alone who did it.
38
Covert Operations
Emphasis - conceal the sponsor's identity
If the operation becomes public, US denies responsibility
Example - destroy weapons manufacturing facility
Example 2.0 - I took your phone in a crowded room. You don't know who took it and if you ask me, I will just deny it.
39
What does COINTELPRO mean?
Counterintelligence Program
40
41
When was the Truman Doctrine made and what is its significance?
The Truman Doctrine was made in 1947. This is where the United States would assist any state under the threat of communism. The US was to assist any government that denounced communism. This reorientated the US foreign policy. The purpose was to prevent the spread and influence of communism since it was believed if one country fell to communism, the others around would too.
42
List and describe 3 mission types of National Security Intelligence
1. Collection and Analysis
Activity of gathering, exploiting, evaluating, and weighing data/information to reduce uncertainty for US decision-makers
2. Covert Action
Activities to influence foreign governments, organizations, events, or persons to support US foreign policy objectives in such a way that obscures US involvement
3. Counterintelligence
Concerned with understanding and neutralizing, all aspects of foreign intelligence operations (human and technical, including cyber)
43
List and explain 4 kinds of Intelligence failures by the 9/11 commission
1. Imagination - IC (intel community) didn't seriously consider terrorists’ method of attack
Despite recent reporting (1994-1998) of possible plots vs. US and the West
Many reports mentioned flying an explosives-laden plane vs US target (city, World Trade Center, etc)
2. Policy - USG didn’t have focused Counterterrorism (CT) Strategy despite emerging, emboldened threat
Hostile Individuals = trial and punishment
Hostile States = Sactions, reprisals, deterrence, war
What about terrorist groups??
3. Capabilities - USG attempted to deal with CT(Counterterrorism) via Cold War institutions/capabilities
USG/ (POTUS) relied on CTC and CIA/DO for Covert action vs Al Qaeda/ Bin Laden
CIA/DO - limited paramilitary resources
FBI - No capacity to link knowledge of field agents to national priorities
Other agencies failed too (FAA, notably)
4. Management - USG unable to manage agency adaptability re: 21st century
Ineffective management of transnational operations (stovepipes, Bureaucratic turf)
Staff officers should draw intel from all available information/ expertise in government
Management should ensure information is shared by all relevant agencies/personnel
Pointed to “Institutional management” as problematic
Bureaucratic term = leadership at the top
Not effectively able to set priorities and allocate resources
Demonstrated weakness of DCI (two hats)
Director of CIA and nominal head of IC
No budget authority over IC agencies
No authority over DoD intelligence agencies
44
What are the criticisms of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) about the Intelligence Community’s (IC) 2002 National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)?
“Groupthink” - IC suffered from collective presumption that Iraq had active and growing WMD program
HUMINT Deficiency- every aspect of US HUMINT collection efforts against Iraq
Poor Info-Sharing Culture - The CIA didn’t share info with IC members
Source (Over-) Protection Policy- Analysts could not evaluate source reliability and thus analytical confidence suffered
45
2 Major FBI Projects
1. COINTLPRO
- 1956-1971
- Communists, then other domestic groups
- First Amendment breaches
2. Soviet espionage in the US
46
US Cold War Intel
- Soviet Union had great influence over satellite states in Eastern Europe (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, East Germany, etc)
- Domino Theory = fear that if one country fell to communism, the others around it would too.
- US opposed communism
- To contain communism, the US needs good intelligence on Soviet capabilities and intentions
47
Creeping fear of Communism: 3 US Reactions
1. The Truman Doctrine (1947)
2. The Marshall Plan
3. The National Security Act of 1947
48
The Truman Doctrine
- US will assist states under threat from communism (external or internal)
- Reoriented US foreign policy
- Formalized a global interventionist policy
- The US will assist any government that denounces communism
- The US would give financial aid to countries threatened by Communist expansion
49
The Marshall Plan
- Western Europe still not recovering from WW2
- Junes 1947- Sec. of State George C Marshall
- US must help rebuild Europe
- March 1948 - Congress passes the “Marchall Plan”
- 12 billion dollars for rebuilding Western Europe
- It worked! - European industrialization increased - stopped communism
50
National Security Act of 1947
- Post - WW2 the US government needs reorganization and effective engagement
- President needs advisors
- Created a unified Department of Defense (DoD) - combining the War & Navy Depts
- Established the National Security Council (NSC)
- US needs information & Intelligence
- Established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Intel Exam 1
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Decks in class (2)
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