intellectual disability Flashcards

Question

perinatal (time frame)

Answer 1

from 28th week of pregnancy through 28 days following birth

Answer 2

anytime before age 18 (i.e. from 29 days postnatal to age 18)

Answer 3

Chromosomal / genetic disorders (no control over it) Abnormality of genes inherited from parents (ex: Fragile X syndrome: gap or break in the long arm of the X chromosome)

Answer 4

-result of a defective gene (the gene cannot produce enough protein) -mental function varies from severe to normal. Behaviours are often autistic, hyperactive and impulsive.

Answer 5

Chromosomal / genetic disorders (no control over it) Errors when genes combine (ex: Down syndrome) Failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during fertilization Other disorder of the genes during pregnancy (over exposure to x-rays)

Answer 6

Alcohol or drugs (10 to 20% of mild ID in developed countries can be traced directly to the mother’s drinking) smoking malnutrition illness of the mother during pregnancy -> Rubella (major factor before immunization were developed) + sexually transmitted diseases: HIV/AIDS and syphilis (main maternal infections)

Answer 7

Abnormal labor or delivery Prematurity and low birth weight babies

Answer 8

childhood diseases (meningitis, encephalitis -> TIS = inflammation)

Answer 9

Accidents (TBI) = traumatic brain injury Exposure to lead, mercury, and other environmental toxins Environmental deprivation Malnutrition Disadvantaged areas → under-stimulation Child neglect + abuses (baby shaken syndrome)

Answer 10

had many fewer dendritic spines, and the spines that they did have were unusually long and thin The extent of the spine changes was well correlated with the degree of mental retardation.

Answer 11

the environment during infancy and early childhood. An impoverished environment during an early "critical period" of development can lead to profound changes in the circuits of the brain. However, there is some good news. Many of the deprivation-induced changes in the brain can be reversed if intervention occurs early enough.

Answer 12

-fewer -long and thin -correlated w/ degree of ID

Answer 13

Most limited capabilities: abstract thinking, concept formation, generalization and problem solving.

Answer 14

Learn at a slower rate (easy rules) Memory and retention: ↑ repetitions Difficulty generalizing (treadmill, stat. bike) Instructions must be concrete (not just verbal communication)

Answer 15

able to live independently if IQ ^ 50 (under supervision)

Answer 16

↑ severe mental impairment = more lag (↓ IQ = ↑ motor delays) ↑ severe mental impairment = ↑ difficulty with ADLs and self-care walk (can be up to 3.2 years behind) and talk later

Answer 17

shorter, fatter, wide hips

Answer 18

↓ strength, endurance, agility, balance, running speed, flexibility and reaction time (vs. non ID individuals) body composition – overweight (____ ♀, ____ ♂) 59% 28% ↓ lower cardiovascular fitness (vs. non mentally retarded individuals)

Answer 19

no, motor delays also contribute to the problem

Answer 20

several studies on nonretarded adults have demonstrated that resistance training programs can improve muscular strength and endurance, physical work capacity, and metabolic function (Ribley, 1988; Sailors & Berg, 1987; Ullrich, Reid, & Yeater, 1987) and can also decrease the risk of serious injury from a fall or other type of accident (Fleck & Falkel, 1986; Wescott, 1989). However, none of these research investigations have focused on adults with mental retardation. The few studies that have looked at the muscular strength and endurance leveis in this population have been strictly descriptive in nature and have consistently demonstrated that adults with mental retardation have inferior strength levels when compared to nonretarded persons of the same

Answer 21

Application to adults with mental retardation needs to be explored. The following study was undertaken to determine if a 9-week progressive resistance training program could improve the muscular strength and endurance in a group of adults with mental retardation. A secondary aspect of the study was to determine whether adults with mental retardation could adhere to a resistance training program for 9 weeks and could learn to use the Nautilus weight-training system with minimal assistance.

Answer 22

Twenty-four adults (13 women and 11 men) ranging in age from 23 to 49 years were recruited from two intermediate care facilities in northern Illinois to participate in this study. The participants were classified as mentally retarded (Q 40-70) and were selected on a volunteer basis. The subjects were randomly assigned to a control (n= 12) or experimental (n = 12) group. The experimental group received a progressive resistance training program at a local university on Thursday evenings and Saturday mornings, while the control group participated in a university based Saturday morning clinic consisting of dance (35 min). aquatics (35 min), and lifetime sports (35 min)

Answer 23

All subjects (control and experimental groups) participated for two sessions in the weight-training program before any baseline strength/muscular endurance measurements were taken. This procedure was used to reduce the learning effect associated with weight training. Following the two initial weight-training sessions, muscular strength and endurance measures were involved The participants worked in pairs and were grouped according to their abil-ity. Four of the higher functioning clients were each paired with a lower functioning person who was not able to record his/her own scores. All of the higher functioning clients (n =8) were able to record their own scores on a specially designed form that contained a picture of each machine and large boxes to write the correct number of sets and repetitions that they completed at each station (Figure 1). The graduate student was responsible for writing the date and plate number on each of the subject's data sheets (one sheet for each machine) before the subjects arrived at the training center. The higher functioning group also recorded the scores for their lower functioning partners who had difficulty with writing or counting. The names of the weight training machines were labeled by their movement so that the subjects would have an easier time understanding what was expected of them. The following labels were used: bend legs machine (leg curl), straighte legs machine (leg extension), raise arms up machine (shoulder abduction), pul arms down machine (pull over), bring arms together machine (pec deck), bend arms machine (biceps curl), straighten arms machine (triceps extension), and scooter-pull with arms machine (pull-up). During the first six training sessions the graduate student, with assistance from the activity specialist, showed the subjects how to use the equipment correctly, made sure that each one was performing the specified number of sets and repetitions, and helped the subjects record their scores on the designated form. After the sixth session the instruction was limited to brief reminders concerning proper use of equipment and recording the scores on the personal charts.

Answer 24

After collecting the pretest data, the subjects in the experimental group participated in the weight-training program for 9 weeks. Each subject completed 15-18 1-hour training sessions during this period. The weight-training sessions were supervised by the graduate student and assisted by an activity specialist from the intermediate care facility where the participants resided

Answer 25

The major finding of this study is that a high-intensity resistance training program is capable of inducing dramatic increases in muscular strength and endurance in adults with mental retardation in as little as 9 weeks. The increase on the five upper body strength measures ranged from 42 to 121%, and from 42 to 52% over baseline on the two lower body strength measures. Because muscle strength Jecreases by perhaps 30 to 40% during the course of adult life (Larsson, Grimby, & Karlsson, 1979), it is likely that at the end of training these subjects were stronger than they had been at any other time in their lives.

Answer 26

experimental group = Significant improvement over the control group in all strength measures except leg extension

Answer 27

Reid and co-workers (1985) have noted that vocational habilitation for adults with mental retardation is related to their level of physical fitness: Employment opportunities afforded this group often demand an adequate level of muscular strength and endurance (e.g., washing floors, cleaning, lifting and packing boxes). Although there are no data on the percentage of adults who are unable to sustain a vigorous work ethic, it is plausible that a person with a low level of functional strength and endurance would have difficulty performing many manual type jobs. This would obviously have an impact on the employment potential of adults with mental retardation. Future research will explore the relationship between physical fitness levels and work productivity

Answer 28

Another important finding of this study is that, from all indications, including perfect attendance by 10 of the 12 subjects and no one dropping out of the program, it appears that resistance training is an enjoyable activity for adults with mental retardation. The subjects never complained about coming to the fitness center, and several expressed disappointment when the program ended. Enrolling adults with mental retardation into community based weight training programs may be an excellent age-appropriate recreational activity for this population.

Answer 29

The present study has demonstrated that after a brief training period (approximately 6 hours), adults with mental retardation are capable of participating in a weight-training program with a minimal amount of assistance.

Answer 30

with mental retardation and can be performed by the participants (1Q 40-70) with minimal assistance. Since many YMCAs have a weight-training facility with Nautilus equipment, the progressive resistance training program developed in this study can be implemented by other service providers such as adapted physical educators, recreational therapists, or activity therapists who are interested in improving the strength levels of their clientele.

intellectual disability Flashcards

(55 cards)