Cognition > Intelligence > Flashcards

Intelligence Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to generalize (Memory); flexibly use knowledge (Concepts) to solve new problems (Problem solving)
* Learning from experience and adapt that learning to your environment when making decisions
* Acting purposefully

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2
Q

ChaptGPT solves ______ decision-making and reasoning tasks similarly to humans

A

Ambiguous
- Maybe chatgpt can reason beyond rules ? but counter to that : we feed Chatgpt all our data, and problems like the Linda one are very famous : it could be pulling from our responses

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3
Q

ChaptGPT can do these tasks

A
  • Automated tasks
  • Routine activities
  • Create content
  • Create Bizarre songs
  • Co-create movie with AI
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4
Q

ChatGPT cannot do these tasks

A
  • Editing: Avoid repetition in content
  • Write accurate news articles
    Provides ‘fake news’
  • Cannot provide opinions or advice
  • Can’t create original puzzles
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5
Q

IQ tests have been designed to measure general intelligence differences but …

A

Other factors underlie differences on these tests aside from “intelligence”

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6
Q

Psychometrics

A
  • The study of psychological assessment
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7
Q

Standardization

A
  • Test scores are compared to pre-tested ‘standardization’ or ‘norm’ groups (people that took the test before)
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8
Q

IQ tests scores

A
  • Average score of 100; Standard deviation of 15
  • 95% of people within two standard deviations (between 70 and 130)
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9
Q

Highest recorded IQ

A
  • theoretically no limit to IQ scores
    Younghoon Kim: IQ of 276
  • highest recorded IQ
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10
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency across instances of testing
* IQ scores have high test-retest reliability
* Score at age 6 correlates with scores at age 18
* But can change with environment and education, which can dampen down the reliability

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11
Q

Validity

A

The test is measuring what it is intended to measure
IQ scores should have predictive validity :
* Should predict performance on something requiring intelligence
* Yet, low correlations ( r = .5, low to mid) with job performance
* Intelligence will vary across context and culture

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12
Q

Francis Galton (1822 to 1911)

A

one of first thinkers to suggest intelligence could be measured
* Founded the eugenics movement
* Racially-motivated view of how to “improve” society
* A dark start to intelligence testing

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13
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Developed a test in response to a request from the French government
* Identify children that needed special education in school
Binet viewed intelligence as as important for:
* Practical life, adapting to circumstances judging and reasoning well

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14
Q

Binet thought his test measured ______, not intelligence

A

Academic output

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15
Q

Simon-Binet Test

A

30 questions of increasing difficulty (easy → hard)
* Easy items: Follow a light beam, answered easily by young children
* Difficult items: Describe abstract words, for older more educated children (e.g. state difference between abstract words)
* Some questionable items
Standardization : A child’s mental age was calculated by comparing the score /30 to the score of a group of children the same chronological age
- Platform for the current IQ test

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16
Q

The Stanford-Binet Test

A

Based on the Simon-Binet test
Item for a 4 years old
“Repeat the following numbers: 3 6 7”
Item for an Adult
“Describe the difference between misery and poverty”
IQ (intelligence quotient) as we know it :
* IQ RATIO scores : (Mental Age (MA) / Chronological Age (CA)) * 100
* If MA > CA, ability is above average of peers (gifted)
* If MA < CA, ability is below average of peers (delayed)
IF MA = CA : IQ = 100 (average)

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17
Q

Wechsler Tests

A
  • Measuring different components of intelligence
  • Separate scales for children and adults
  • Separate scales for different types of intelligence
  • Wechsler intelligence scale for CHILDREN (WISC)
  • Wechsler ADULT intelligence scale (WAIS)
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18
Q

Components of full scale IQ (FSIQ) in Wechsler tests

A
  1. Verbal IQ (VIQ)
    Similarities
    - Explain what two words have in common
    - Analogical Reasoning
    Vocabulary :
    - define words
  2. Performance IQ (PIQ)
    Picture completion
    - Determine what is missing from a picture
    Picture arrangement
    - Organize pictures in a logical order to represent a story
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19
Q

Pros and cons of Weschler tests

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A

Pro :
- Total of 14 different test : good tests because they acknowledge different types of abilities
Cons :
- culturally biased and they’re affected by our language function (e.g. not all cultures play cards, use the same words)

20
Q

Raven’s progressive matrices

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A

Shown patterns with a missing section
* Asked to determine the missing piece from a set of options
Non-verbal assessment :
* Relatively free from linguistic influences and thus free from cultural biases

21
Q

Factors affecting IQ performance

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A
  • Socioeconomics : richer people have more time to help their children do well, send to good schools
  • Gender differences in self-estimated intelligence : men are more confident in their own IQ = higher test anxiety for women
  • Culture: Familiarity with task and stimuli can affect performance
22
Q

Genetics and IQ

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A
  • Shared genetics is a better predictor of IQ score similarity (correlations) than the environment : accounts for 50 to 70% of variability in these scores
    Identical twins in separate environments : their similarity of IQ is as much as high as identical twins raised together, and it’s much higher than fraternal twins that were raised apart or raised together.
23
Q

The Flynn effect

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A

In 1980s, for all the tests, Americans’ IQ scores increased 3 points per decade over 100 years

24
Q

Flynn effect: Education

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A
  • In most countries that have reported an increase in IQ scores, like the states, you see an increase in educational opportunities.
  • In the states in the 30s, people had about 8 to 9 years of education on average, and then in the 1990’s the average number of education, years of education rose to 12 to 14.
25
Flynn effect: Complexity and health
Complexity * More focus on abstract and critical thinking, especially in wealthier countries - More stimulating complex environment Health * A greater focus on health, improves brain function and enhances IQ scores - A healthier diet and exercice leads to less brain atrophy with age - certain diet and exercise combinations can affect energy production in your brain that helps with maintaining your neurons.
26
The view that intelligence is a ... drives IQ testing
single thing
27
Spearman’s two factor theory
Found that tests of cognitive abilities (memory, attention, processing speed) correlated with one another * Suggested that higher correlations are driven by a common reliance on a single factor : general intelligence (g) : the single entity of intelligence.
28
G factor vs S factors in Spearman's two factor theory
g factor : varies across people but is stable within a person (genetic basis) s factors : performance on tasks, are affected by education and environment, and vary both within a person and across people; why I might have different abilities than somebody else with a similar G score.
29
Cattell and Horn Theory
Fluid intelligence (similar to g) and crystalized intelligence (similar to s)
30
Fluid intelligence (Cattel and Horn theory)
* The capacity to acquire new knowledge and engage in flexible thinking - Important for all forms of intelligence : domain free * Tests of reasoning * Genetic basis
31
Crystalized intelligence (Cattel and Horn theory)
* Knowledge and learning that has been acquired throughout the lifetime * Vocabulary, math * Affected by personality, education, culture * Motivated learning
32
How do crystalized and fluid intelligences change in time ?
Crystalized intelligence increase as we learn and remain stable/increase over time - Fluid intelligence decreases with age because fluid intelligence really depends on executive functioning, which is supported by the prefrontal cortex
33
Savant Syndrome
A person who is otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific ability * E.g., artistic skills or math abilities (counting) * Suggests there are different forms of intelligence, that are supported by different cognitive processes
34
Developmental cases of savant syndrome
Often presents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (10% of people with autism spectrum disorder will have a sort of savant skill)
35
Savant syndrome from brain injury
People who acquire specific skills from brain injury Tony Cicoria * After being struck by lightening, a man developed exceptional piano skills Orlando Serell * Baseball hit his head, and developed the ability to perform calendar calculations
36
Cause of savant syndrome
To compensate for damage, other areas of the brain will be ‘rewired’ to induce savant-like capabilities :neuroplasticity that unleashes sleeping potential
37
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
- Different types of intelligence just relate to different ways of learning that might be supported by different brain areas. - some people might use different brain networks or areas differently than others. Everybody has strengths and weaknesses : many ways to be intelligent
38
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence
A process view Intelligence is not … * a system or structure Intelligence is … * the mental capacity to automatize information processes * use them in appropriate settings * thus, can vary
39
Sternberg’s intellectual components
1. **Meta-component** * Higher order processes for planning and decision making. 2. **Performance component** * Processes for executing a task 3. **Knowledge acquisition component** * Processes to learn and store new information These components are universal, important for all types of intelligence, and we use these in different situations at different levels
40
Triarchic theory: Types of intelligence
(1) Intellectual components interact with certain materials/tasks (2) that are relevant to a given situation (3)
41
Analytic intelligence (Triarchic theory)
- very similar to the conventional views of intelligence like G - about analyzing, computing and sort of just evaluating information - people high in this dimension of intelligence might be good computer programmers and problem solvers
42
Practical intelligence (triarchic theory)
* The ability to apply information to daily ambiguous situations and emphasizes contextual information that helps you deal with daily situations well : automatically recognize what's going to lead to success on a task in their environment. * E.g., Delivery persons who can intelligently navigate routes when there are road-blocks
43
Creative intelligence (triarchic theory)
* The ability to think in new ways and apply information flexibly * Emphasizes experiential information and linked to insight problem solving
44
Positive mood leads to _____ thinking
Broad
45
Positive mood and misinformation
A positive mood promotes a general “assimilative thinking” style, and leads to greater susceptibility to misinformation, more broad world view
46
A negative mood promotes specific “_____ thinking” style, and lowers susceptibility to misinformation
Focused
47
False memories and mood
In a positive mood : more likely to agree that misleading information occurred, more likely to assimilate false information into their memories. Negative mood : able to discriminate between correct and misleading details.
Cognition
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