Intelligence & Development

Question 1

intelligence quotient

Answer 1

• A measure of intelligence derived from norms for standardized tests
  
  • Based on a norm of 100. 60% of population falls between 85 and 115. Less than 70 represents mental disabilities, and 130 represents giftedness
• Mensa set 96th percentile (2SD above mean)

Question 2

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer 2

• provides overall score plus two sub-scores: verbal and performance
• correlation of r =0.5 with later school grades

Question 3

Psychometrics

Answer 3

the measurement of mental abilities, traits, and processes
- standardization, reliability, and validity important
- makes use of factor analysis, a statistical method for analyzing the inter-correlations among various measures or test scores

Question 4

Standardization

Answer 4

a property of tests where there is a uniform procedure for giving and scoring, often with reference norms

Question 5

Reliability

Answer 5

the amount of agreement between scores that one person has on the same test taken (re-test) twice or seperate portions of one test (split hald)

Question 6

Validity

Answer 6

degree to which a test represents the categories it is designed to meaure

Question 7

Correlational Studies

Answer 7

correlation is a measure of the strength of the relationship of a collection of people’s scores on two or more variables (can be positive, negative or no correlation)

Question 8

Sir Francis Galton

Answer 8

• eugenicist, wanted selective breeding for intelligence
• fathered psychometrics approach

Question 9

Sensory Intelligence

Answer 9

sensitivity, discrimination, reaction times

Question 10

Alfred Binet

Answer 10

• created intelligence tests that used mental reasoning
• idea of mental age

Question 11

Standford-Binet test

Answer 11

• created by Lewis Terman
• mental age/chronological age x 100

Question 12

Spearman’s g factor

Answer 12

a general intellectual ability as opposed to multiple intelligences

Question 13

Louis Thurstone

Answer 13

• a pioneer of factor analysis, believed in up to 56 types of intelligence & 7 clusters
• verbal fluency & comprehension, spatial abilities, perceptual speed, numerical ability, memory, and inductive reasoning

Question 14

Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)

Answer 14

• linguistic
• logical-mathmatical
• spatial
• musical
• bodily-kinaesthetic
• intrapersonal
• interpersonal
  later: naturalistic and spiritual

Question 15

Sterberg’s Triarch Theory

Answer 15

1. Analytical/componential intelligence - idea that intelligence involves the. Use of “mental components” within the process answering or solving a problem
   
   2. Creative/experiential intelligence deals with how one transfers to novel situations. (using insight, unique and novel solutions to situations)
   3. Practical/contextual: the ability to take in new contexts and adapt to the environment (wisdom, common sense, social competence)

Successful intelligence makes use of all three of these types and is defined as “one’s ability to set and accomplish personally meaningful goals in one’s life, given one’s cultural context.

Question 16

Tacit Knowledge

Answer 16

• unlearned or untrained knowledge/strategies for success

Question 17

Mozart Effect & Cultural Differences

Answer 17

group differences due to beliefs about intelligence, standards, conflicts, values rather than genetics

Question 18

Creativity & Intelligence

Answer 18

1. expertise
2. imaginative thinking
3. adventuresome personality
4. intrinsic motivation
5. creative environment

Question 19

Continuity vs Stages issue

Answer 19

if we change, if it gradual or in qualitative stages?

Question 20

Longitudinal study issues

Answer 20

group may not be representative of most people, dropout

Question 21

Cross-sectional studies

Answer 21

• look at many people of various ages at same time
• problem with cohort effect

Question 22

Cohort Effect

Answer 22

• occur when people being compared have different environments

Question 23

Teratogens

Answer 23

• substances that are toxic to embryo or fetus and may lead to developmental deficiencies (ex. thalidomide)

Question 24

habituation paradgim

Answer 24

way to examine how long infants pay attention to stimuli

Question 25

Jean Piaget

Answer 25

- suggested cognitive development changes over childhood - built around notion of schemas

Question 26

Schema Definition

Answer 26

- patterns of thought are innate and unfold in a timely and ordered sequence called schemas -used for assimilation of information, make sense of the world using pre-existing categories of thought - also undergo accommodation where they themselves change over time

Question 27

4 schemas

Answer 27

1. sensory motor (0-2) - knowledge through sensing and moving things 2. pre-operational (2-7) - still working on conservation and reversability and overcoming egocentrism 3. concrete operational (7-11) - categorisation and reversibility, understanding hierarchical classification 4. formal operational (12+) - able to master abstract logical tasks

Question 28

Harlows

Answer 28

- early attachment formed during cuddling with mother (Contact Comfort) - experiments on monkeys (prefered cloth over food mother) - John Bowlby developed concept of attachment

Question 29

Strange Situation

Answer 29

- used to find styles of attachment - assesses babies reactions

Question 30

Secure Attachment

Answer 30

- upset when mother leaves but calm by return

Question 31

Anxious-Ambivalent

Answer 31

- anxiety even when mother is near

Question 32

avoidant attachment

Answer 32

- not comforted when mother returns, plays alone

Question 33

Kohlberg

Answer 33

- work built on Piaget and distinguished six stages of moral reasoning (3 levels with 2 stages each) 1. Preconventional - egocentric/self-serving (avoid punishment or gain reward) Conventional - social reasons, law or rule following (gain approval, duty to society) Postconventional - rational beyond social system given in justification (affirms rights and own ethical principles)

Question 34

Induction

Answer 34

method where parents direct attention towards child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsiblity and feelings for others in correcting misbehaviour. Users tend to be authoritative.

Question 35

Erikson

Answer 35

8 critical turning points of the life cycle Trust vs Mistrust -> hope Autonomy vs shame/doubt -> will Initiative bs guilt -> purpose Industry vs inferiority -> competence Identity vs diffusion (role confusion) -> fidelity Intimacy vs isolation -> love Generativity vs stagnation (self absorption) -> care Integrity vs despair -> wisdom

Question 36

James Marcia

Answer 36

Marcia's ego-identity status interview is a tool for assessing one's identity status (style) according to chart of search vs commitment

Question 37

Erikson's later stages critical points & satisfaction

Answer 37

love, care and wisdom are important & represent fulfillment

Question 38

Diane Baumrind

Answer 38

Parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive/indulgent and authoritative, and neglecting

Question 39

Fluid intelligence

Answer 39

a capacity for deductive reasoning and information to solve problems, not due to experience, slows over time

Question 40

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 40

knowledge and skills build over time, including culture and education, with long term growth can compensate for decline in fluid intelligence