What did Flynn (1987,1994) show?
IQ was increasing year on year in all parts of the world at about 3 points per decade
What intelligence rose more than another?
Fluid (non-verbal) over crystallised (verbal)
What did Flynn favour in terms of explanation?
Environmental explanation - too rapid to be genetic
What 5 environmental influences did Neisser (1998) suggest to explain the Flynn effect?
- Schooling
- Test taking sophistication
- Parenting styles
- Visual and technical environment
- Nutrition
What two key hypothesis have been compared?
Cognitive stimulation hypothesis (if true, would be a rise in IQ test scores across generation at all levels of IQ) and the Nutrition hypothesis (if true, rises would mainly occur at lower end of distribution of IQ scores, where nutritional deprivaton is most severe)
What did Trahan et al (2014) observe?
- 286 studies (meta analysis)
- Supported previous estimates of Flynn Effect across diff. ages, measures and samples, and levels of performance
- Highlighted meausrement issues - need for new normative scores
What does evidence suggest about group differences?
Small cultural and ethnic variations in mean IQ scores but largest variation lies within groups
Why was the APA Intelligence Taskforce created (1996) ?
Response to controversy and debate around ‘The Bell Curve’
What does the APA IT investigate?
- Concepts of intelligence
- Intelligence tests and their correlates
- Genes and intelligence
- Environmental effects on intelligence
- Group differences
What were the key findings of the Task Force?
- Differences in gnese contributed to ID in psychometric intelligence
- Mean scores on intelligence tests are rising steadily
- Environmental factors contribute substantially to the development of intelligence
What was founf with IQ tests and school performance?
Correlation between IQ scores and grades is about 0.5
What personal and social factors predict academic performance?
- Association between parental socioeconomic status and school performance (around .35)
- Some concerns that IQ tests could create self-fulfilling prophecies
- Links between IQ and AP decrease as students move higher up in academia - personality more critical
What has research linked IQ to?
- Health
- Alcohol use/abuse
- Risky sexual behaviours
- Educational achievement
- Financial success
- Criminal behaviours
What did a longitudinal study on twins find?
Between-twin IQ differences only associated with differences in income, poor diet choices and parental dissatisfaction - not with health, alcohol use or sexual behaviour
What are the key assumptions of ‘Hot’ Intelligences?
- IQ does not provide a full account of differences in everyday successes
- Interpersonal skills are independent of cognitive abilities
- Interpersonal skills are more important than academic abilities
- Interpersonal skills are a form of ability
What did Thorndike (1920) categorise intelligence into (socially) ?
- Mechanical intelligence
- Abstract intelligence
- Social intelligence
Why is the theory of social intelligence important?
- IQ not a perfect predictor of performance and life successes
- Some evidence that social abilities exist independently of IQ - Jenses (1998) - social competence has low correlations with verbal/quantitative abilities
- May aid understanding og some disorders
What was the George Washington Social Intelligence Test?
-Judgements in social situations
-Memory for names and faces
-Observation of human behaviour
-Recognition of the mental states behind words
-Recognition of mental states from facial expressions (later dropped)
-Social Information
-Sense of Humour (added later)
What did the development of social intelligence lead to?
Multi-dimensional social intelligence tests - Marlowe (1986) used multiple measures
- Ford/Tisak (1983) - identified 5 dimensions of SI
- Barnes and Stamberg (1989) - distinguished between cognitive component and behavioural component
What did Goleman investigate and when?
Emotional Intelligence, 1995
What emotional intelligence tests have been used?
- EQ-I
- Mayer-Solevey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)
- Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue)
- Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT)
How does EI relate to intelligence and personality?
- EI correlated with IQ and personality traits - E.g. agreeableness (Schulte et al., 2004)
- May be overlaps
What kind of intelligence did Sternberg (1985) investigate?
Practical and creative intelligences - triarchic theory of intelligences
- Analytical
- Creative
- Practical
What were the 3 processes of practical intelligence?
Adaptation, shaping and selection
