Intergumentary

Question 1

what are the structures of the skin?

Answer 1

 Epidermis
 Basement membrane (dermoepidermal
junction)
 Dermis
 Subcutaneous fat

Question 2

layers/ parts of epidermis

Answer 2

1. stratum corneum (cornified layer) 2
2. stratum lucidum (found on thick skins)
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5. stratum basale/germinativum

Question 3

Parts of dermis

Answer 3

1. collagen fibers & elastic fibers
2. extracellular matrix
3. blood vessels
4. nerves
5. smooth muscles

Question 4

what are the skin appendages?

Answer 4

 hair follicles s
 sebaceous gland
 arrector pili muscle
 eccrine & apocrine sweat glands
 nail

Question 5

It deals with disorders of skin, hair, nails, and
mucous membranes

Answer 5

Dermatology

Question 6

this is the outer layer of the skin

Answer 6

epidermis

Question 7

this is the part of the skin that has thicker connective tissue

Answer 7

dermis

Question 8

Functions of integumentary system

Answer 8

1. Protection
2. Sensation
3. Movement and growth
4. Endocrine - Vitamin D production
5. Excretion - Regulation of sweat
6. Immunity - First line of defense
7. Temperature regulation

Question 9

Classified as a membrane - the cutaneous
membrane
 Two main layers
Epidermis - outer, thinner
Dermis - inner, thicker
 The two layers are separated by a basement
membrane

Answer 9

Skin

Question 10

 Composed entirely of stratified squamous
epithelium
 Lacks blood vessels
 Composed of four, or in the palm and sole, five distinct layers

Answer 10

Epidermis

Question 11

• The outermost layer of cells harden and die in a process called ______________
• The total process takes ~2 months.
   involves the formation of keratin polypeptides
   abnormalities in this process leads to roughness
  and scaling of the skin (e.g. psoriasis)

Answer 11

keratinization

Question 12

– outermost layer, composed
of layers of dead, non-nucleated, keratinized
cells
-  The cells in this layer have no nucleus .
 Cells have thick envelope that resist chemicals.
 Cells are held together by desmosomes.
- it is 25-cell layer

Answer 12

stratum corneum

Question 13

on soles and palms only,
appears clear

Answer 13

stratum lucidum

Question 14

• 3 to 5 layers of flattened, granular cells
•  Granular Cell layer : Diamond- shaped cells.
   Cytoplasm is filled with keratohyaline granules.
   In thin skin it is cell layers and 10 cell layers in thick skin like palms and soles.

Answer 14

stratum granulosum

Question 15

• many layers of nucleated
  cells, becoming flattened, developing keratin
  fibers
• Usually layers thick .
   Adhere to each other by desmosomes (complex
  modification of the cell membrane ).
   Desmosomes appear like spines.

Answer 15

stratum spinosum

Question 16

• deepest layer, single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells that are growing and dividing
•  Rest on the basement membrane that divides continuously and move upwards.

Answer 16

stratum basale

Question 17

 Specialized cells in the stratum basale of the
epidermis with long processes that extend into
the stratum spinosum
 Produce the dark pigment melanin which
provides skin color
 Melanin production is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation

Answer 17

melanocytes

Question 17

are transferred to adjacent cells
forming the Epidermal Melanin unit

Answer 17

melanosomes

Question 18

Small, unmelanized, clumped melanosomes are found in _____________

Answer 18

white skin

Question 19

Large melanized, dispersed melanosomes in
_________________

Answer 19

dark skin

Question 20

skin structure components of basement membrane

Answer 20

lamina lucida
lamina densa
anchoring fibrils

Question 21

: thin clear amorphous space

Answer 21

lamina lucida

Question 22

an electron dense area
containing type 4 collagen

Answer 22

lamina densa

Question 23

: anchors epidermis to dermis,
type 7 collagen

Answer 23

anchoring fibrils

Question 24

 Pink homogenous area between epidermis & dermis  consists of number of proteins like BP antigens, collagen 4  site of attack injury in blistering diseases

Answer 24

basement membrane

Question 25

skin cancers

Answer 25

 Squamous cell carcinoma  Basal cell carcinoma  Malignant melanoma

Question 26

what are the two layers of dermis?

Answer 26

papillary area and reticular area

Question 27

has projections up into the epidermal layer, provides nutrients to the epidermis via its abundant blood vessels

Answer 27

papillary area

Question 28

denser, deeper, main area of the dermis, mat of irregularly arranged fibers resistant to stretching

Answer 28

reticular area

Question 29

what are the dermis cells?

Answer 29

histocyte fibroblast mast cell

Question 30

 composed of adipose tissue

Answer 30

subcutaneous fat

Question 31

it harness the adipose tissue or lipid/ fats

Answer 31

adipocytes

Question 32

this is the primary sensory cells that are for tactile stimulus that have low pressure stimulus

Answer 32

merkell cells

Question 33

they have high pressure stimulus

Answer 33

paccinian cells

Question 34

 present everywhere except the vermilion border of the lips, nail beds, labia minora, glans  abundant in palms, soles

Answer 34

eccrine sweat glands

Question 35

present in the axillae, anogenital area modified glands in the external ear canal, eyelids (moll’s glands) and areolae

Answer 35

apocrine sweat glands

Question 36

 attached to hair follicles or open freely  present in the scalp, forehead, face, upper chest except palms and soles  under the control of androgens  ectopic glands in the mucous membrane are called fordyce spots.  present in the areola as Montgomery’s tubercles, in the eyelids as Meibomian glands

Answer 36

sebaceous glands

Question 37

 attached to sebaceous gland to form the pilosebaceous unit (hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous gland)

Answer 37

hair follicles

Question 38

region between skin surface & sebaceous gland

Answer 38

infundibulum

Question 39

- begin at sebaceous glands and end aat bulge area (site of insertion of arrector pili muscle)

Answer 39

isthmus

Question 40

smooth muscle located in the dermis and is attached to the side of the hair shaft

Answer 40

arrector pili

Question 41

cuticle, cortex contain pigment cells, medulla

Answer 41

hair shaft

Question 42

types of hair

Answer 42

1. Terminal Hair 2. Lanugo Hair 3. Bristle Hair 4. Villus Hair

Question 43

made up of dead keratinized cells of matrix.

Answer 43

nail plate

Question 44

is visible through nail plate.

Answer 44

nail bed

Question 45

lies above the midportion of distal phalanx.

Answer 45

nail matrix

Question 46

Functions as a hormone for the incorporation of ingested calcium into the bones

Answer 46

Vitamin D

Question 47

 Skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun converts pro-Vitamin D to Vitamin ____

Answer 47

D3