What is internal migration?
The movement of people within one country, which can either be short or long term.
Why does it involve more people than international migration?
As it is a much easier process
Why do people internally migrate?
- Travel costs
- Better knowledge of destination
Define forced migration
An involuntary movement, due to conflict or persecution
State 3 physical obstacles to migration
- Mountains
- Sea
- Deserts/climatic conditions
What are the 5 theories to migration?
1) Todaro
2) Gender analysis
3) Age as a factor
4) Structuration theory
5) Push-pull model
State the causes of stepped migration (urban to urban)
- Failure to find work
- Improved communications
- Cultural disconnect
- Chain migration (word of mouth)
What are the impacts of stepped migration?
- Addition of new skills
- More construction jobs available, due to more housing
- Overcrowding and congestion
How can stepped (U-U) migration be managed?
- Housing planning - to promote affordable housing and encourage sustainable development
- Employment opportunities - foster economic development and job creation in both urban and rural areas to reduce the pressures of migration.
What is periphery to core migration?
The movement of people from the rural areas or the outskirts of an area to the centre.
What is intra-urban migration?
A very small scale migration across small distances within an urban area.
What are two causes of intra-urban migration?
- Social class
- Income
What are the impacts of intra-urban migration on the place of origin?
- Ageing population due to older residents being the majority
- Struggle with gaps in workforce
What are the impacts of intra-urban migration on the destination city?
- Pressure on employment opportunities
- Expansion of the city
What is urban-rural migration?
Refers to people moving from urban areas to rural regions, often seeking a quieter lifestyle.
What is urban-rural migration also known as?
Counter-urbanisation
State 3 causes of urban-rural migration
- Overcrowding of city, also air pollution
- Growth in ICT and transport links, so able to work from home/commute to city
- Desire for a simpler/quieter lifestyle
Give 3 consequences of urban to rural migration on the city
- Work traffic congestion may increase due to more commuters
- Many more brownfield sites due to decrease in population
- High crime rates
Give 3 consequences of urban to rural migration on the rural area
- House prices rise in villages
- Increased demand for resources
- Rural areas may become more urban due to the growth in size
How can urban-rural migration be managed?
- Develop current brownfield sites to create space for housing, crops, and job areas.
