Intervention, Support & Context

Question 1

One example of a communicational intervention to help children with NDD’s?

Answer 1

PECs

Question 2

What is PEC’s

Answer 2

Communication intervention involving showing caregivers cards to demonstrate their requests

Question 3

PECs has 6 phases - what are the first 3?

Answer 3

1. How to communicate
2. Distance and persistence
3. Picture discrimination

Question 4

Psychoeducational programs can be broadly grouped into 3 categories:

Answer 4

Communication
Behavioural
Developmental/Educational

Question 5

What is the ‘communication’ phase of PECS?

Answer 5

Students learn to exchange single pictures for items/activities

Question 6

What is the ‘distance and persistence’ phase of PECS?

Answer 6

Generalising single card use across new places, people and across distances

Question 7

What is the ‘picture discrimination’ stage?

Answer 7

Selecting from 2 or > pictures

Communication book

Question 8

PECS has 6 stages. What are the last 3 stages?

Answer 8

Sentence structure
Answering Qs
Commenting

Question 9

What does the ‘commenting’ stage of PECS involve?

Answer 9

Teaching to comment in response to questions

Question 10

What is an example of a behavioural intervention?

Answer 10

ABA

Question 11

ABA was developed by

Answer 11

Lovaas, 1987

Question 12

Recommendations for ABA include:

Answer 12

Start < 3
40 hours min. per week
Therapy lasting min. 2 years
One-to-one trials

Question 13

ABA is an _____ and_____ therapy

Answer 13

Intensive

Rigid

Question 14

The Early Start Denver model draws on….

Answer 14

ABA

Question 15

Positives of Early Start Denver Model? (3)

Answer 15

1. Positive interactions for parents
2. Reduction in challenging behaviour
3. Improved communication/adaptive behaviour

Question 16

One ethical flaw of the Early Start Denver Model is that it is…

Answer 16

Training to be neurotypical when one isn’t

Question 17

3 limitations of the Early Start Denver Model?

Answer 17

1. Rigid/inflexible
2. Financial
3. Positive outcome isn’t guaranteed

Question 18

Norbury & Sparks (2012) believe it is important to consider what families…

Answer 18

Value and disvalue about their child’s behaviour/lang/education

Question 19

Cridland et al., (2014) NDD’s have a _______ on family

Answer 19

Bi-drectional influence

Question 20

Cridland et al., (2014)

NDD’s can affect a families: (3)

Answer 20

Daily routines, self-care, communciation etc

Question 21

Guite et al., (2004) believed that

Answer 21

Different family members should be considered separately, e.g. mothers and siblings

Question 22

Cridland et al., (2014) believed that having a child with an NDD is not always a negative experience. Positive impacts include (3)

Answer 22

1. Improved communication
2. Higher empathy/patience
3. Refocus of energy (valuing what you have)

Question 23

Cridland et al., (2014) constrcuted a model that allows us to consider different aspects of family structure. This is called

Answer 23

The family systems approach

Question 24

The first stage of the Family Systems Approach is

Answer 24

Boundaries

Question 25

What is the boundaries stage of the FSA?

Answer 25

- Hypothetical borders between family system & environment - Defines family in relation to other systems

Question 26

What is the Traumatic Growth stage of the FSA?

Answer 26

Challenging circumstances evoking positive change - increased personal strength etc

Question 27

Tint & Weiss's (2015) systematic review found that:

Answer 27

Family wellbeing - important concept underlying public policy/clinical practice

Question 28

Tint & Weiss's (2015) | Recommendations? (3)

Answer 28

1. Using theoretical framework in developing policies/practice 2. Research to help identify appropriate resources 3. Extend research beyond early years

Question 29

Why must variability be considered in neurodevelopmental disorder research?

Answer 29

- Universality of deficit: uniform cognitive profile? | - There is inter and intra individual variability!

Question 30

Why must the sample size be considered in neurodevelopmental disorder research? (4)

Answer 30

- Drop out - Participant fatigue - Ethics?

Question 31

Ball & Karmiloff-Smith (2015) Why are adult models inappropriate?

Answer 31

They are static, whereas NDD disorders require a dynamic approach

Question 32

Ball & Karmiloff-Smith (2015) Genes can be expressed widely initially...

Answer 32

Then become confined to certain brain regions --> the phenotype will change too

Question 33

Ball & Karmiloff-Smith (2015) Any account of genotype to phenotype mapping..

Answer 33

Should be sensitive to possible chages in gene expression and cognitive phenotype over developmental time

Question 34

Ball & Karmiloff-Smith (2015) Future directions for research (4)

Answer 34

1. Tracing full developmental trajectories 2. Longitudinal studies at neural level 3. Microdevelopmental change 4. In-depth accounts of environmental changes

Question 35

Ball & Karmiloff-Smith (2015) What is microdevelopmental change?

Answer 35

Tracking change over a very short term

Question 36

Makrygianni & Reed (2009) Method

Answer 36

Meta anaylsis of 14 behavioural intervention studies

Question 37

Makrygianni & Reed (2009) What is the most thoroughly evaluated and best-known intervention?

Answer 37

ABA-based treatment

Question 38

Makrygianni & Reed (2009) Findings --> Behavioural EIP's are effective in...

Answer 38

Improving intellectual, language, communication and socai abilities of ASD children Moderate/high effect on adaptive behavioural improvement

Question 39

Makrygianni & Reed (2009) Findings Improvement of intellectual/adaptive skills is affected by....

Answer 39

Intensity of the program (>25 hours per week)

Question 40

Makrygianni & Reed (2009) Findings Factors correlated with effectiveness were....(5)

Answer 40

1. Intensity 2. Duration 3. Parental Training 4. Age (starting < 35 months) 5. Adaptive behaviour at intake