interview & interrogations

Question 1

Rapport

Answer 1

Harmonious relationship, where people or groups concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate well.

• Communication & Mutual understanding
• A Relationship built on mutual trust or emotional affinity

Question 2

Rapport Experience & research

Answer 2

shows victims, witnesses & suspects provide more information to officers who build rapport during interviews & interrogations

• More accurate
• Helps victims & witnesses remember & provide more information
• Helps suspects overcome stress & anxiety
• Conversation flows more freely & improves cooperation with officers

Question 3

Effective rapport building

Answer 3

*Begins at the time of initial contact (e.g. call to schedule an appointment, at time of arrest, at the booking desk, introduction by third party or other officer/detective) and continues throughout the interview.

Question 4

Respect

Answer 4

showing consideration for another person’s needs or feeling

Question 5

Demonstrate Respect by:

Answer 5

Empathy- understanding for other people’s feelings & emotions

Courtesy- being polite & kind to people

Decorum- showing good manners

Clarity- explain “why” actions are taken

Question 6

IF shown respect: (Victims, witnesses & suspects

Answer 6

• More likely to be honest & share information & confess to a crime
• Guilty suspects provide fuller accounts of their actions
• Primary reason child molestation suspects confess during interviews
• Demeaning & coercive treatment does not = confession

Question 7

Neutrality

Answer 7

being fair, impartial & not helping either side in conflict or disagreement

Question 8

Best practices to demonstrate neutrality:

Answer 8

• Treat all races, ages, cultures, and beliefs equally
• Be patient & listen to all sides equally
• Recognize & manage biases in self & interviewee
• Avoid Leading questions
• Prepare a list of open-ended questions in advance

Do not use dominant techniques

Question 9

Questioning

Answer 9

gather complete & accurate information, officers must ask questions.

Helps officers demonstrate active listening, empathy, understanding & neutrality.

Opportunity to watch interviewee’s body language & evaluate veracity of info provided.

Question 10

Best Practices when asking questions during interviews & interrogations:

Answer 10

Use open & closed-ended questions strategically

Closed-ended questions -short, concise answers, limit amount of info obtained used for:

Gathering basic info (begin with series of close-ended admin questions, DOB, name) helps begins rapport building, establish authority & provide structure for interviewee

• Identify shared interest, likes dislikes with interviewee, be genuine
• Ask direct questions to determine conduct or knowledge

Open-ended questions- call for narrative response which produce more accurate information it allows interviewees to take control of the conversation & communicate freely. Open questions are used to:

• Facilitate general conversation
• Identify shared interest, likes or dislikes with interviewee
• Gather initial facts
• Identify what interviewee considers important

*Be aware of the spacing of your questions

-give interviewee time to answer each question fully. Do not rush them to finish or ask questions in a rapid-fire succession.

Question 11

Active Listening

Answer 11

combination of body language, questioning & summarizing to show interest.

Officers who actively listen during interviews are more effective at building rapport, demonstrating respect & gathering information

• 3-4 times more information

Question 12

Best practices for demonstrating Active Listening during interviews & interrogations:

Answer 12

1. Make consistent eye contact throughout interview
2. Summarize interviewee answers and statements
3. Use non- verbal gestures & verbal prompts to encourage & facilitate interviewee participation NOTE: avoid body language or comments that communicates surprise, sarcasm, shock, or disappointment
4. Echo probing
5. Mirroring
6. Silence

Question 13

Professionalism

Answer 13

good judgment & polite behavior expected from a person who is trained to do a job well. Conduct, behaviors, or qualities that characterize a profession or a professional person. MPTC Motto = “Professional Service through Integrity, Equality, and Excellence

Question 14

Demonstrating Professionalism during interviews & interrogations:

Answer 14

• be neutral, fair & impartial
• be responsible (codes of conduct & procedural justice)
• be prepared (organized, have needed documents forms)
• Recognize limitations

Question 15

Two types of unscheduled conversations for law enforcement purposes

Answer 15

Field interviews and Terry stop/threshold inquiries

Question 16

Field interviews (consensual encounters)

Answer 16

brief interaction, police officer stops person to talk with, ask that person questions to learn information. Used to learn basic & real-time information about people places & events. Field interviews will always require the filing of a Field contact, Field Interview, or Field Observation report

• Occur while working uniform patrol
• Take place in public setting
• Last less than 20 minutes

Question 17

Investigative Stop/Terry Stop/Threshold inquiry

Answer 17

through words or conduct, objectively communicated that the officer will use their police power to coerce the person to stay. Officer must have reasonable suspicion based on specific and articulable facts that a crime has been, is being or is about to be committed.

Question 18

P.R.I.D.E.S. Interview Method

Answer 18

Best practices for interviews stemming from specific incidents & for Scheduled interviews

Plan the interview

Rapport building

Identify people

Develop information

Evaluate Information

Summarize

Question 19

Plan the interview

Answer 19

to identify interview goals, officers must plan their approach beforehand

Plan phase:

a. identify purpose of interview
b. gather pertinent background information on person to be interviewed
c. identify information needed to be obtained & prepare subjects
d. prepare to take detail notes. Note taking should be 2^nd officers job

Question 20

Rapport Building

Answer 20

victims, witnesses & suspects participate more fully & provide more information when officers build & maintain Rapport

• Effective rapport building begins immediately & continues throughout interview
• Use officer safety tactics (distance, contact & cover)

Question 21

Identify people

Answer 21

makes it easier for officers to re-contact

• Ask for photo identification & use closed-ended questions to obtain:

Fullname, D.O.B, home address, etc

Question 22

Develop information

Answer 22

Info is developed by asking questions, watching behavior & listening

Developing phase include:

use Open-ended questions to gather initial facts

Allow interviewee to answer without interruption

Use gesturing, mirroring, echo probing, silence and other active listening techniques

Question 23

Evaluate Information

Answer 23

reviewing & asking follow-up questions

Evaluate phase includes:

Using closing questions to confirm statements

Using open-ended questions for more elaboration/ avoid

leading questions and lastly obtain written statements

Question 24

Summarize

Answer 24

concluding interviews in positive & professional manner maintains rapport and makes it easier to re-contact.

Question 25

Interview for Specific incident

Answer 25

use P.R.I.D.E.S Separate & Prioritize correct order 1. Victim 2. Witness 3. Suspects Location, Use time efficiently, \*\*_Nature & seriousness of event will determine how long officer_ _Can wait to interview people_

Question 26

Scheduled Interview

Answer 26

planned & formal interaction where officers ask potential suspects or citizens more in-depth questions. Last more than 30minutes , non-accusatory style Use P.R.I.D.E.S method

Question 27

Non-custodial

Answer 27

suspect voluntarily comes & is free to leave

Question 28

Interrogations

Answer 28

formal & systematic questioning of a person in-custody * Planned in advance * Occur at police station or other detention facility * Can last for hours * Allow officers more time to gather evidence & develop questions in advance * questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or deprived of their freedom * 5^th amendment provides individuals protections from self- incrimination (plead 5^th) _Purpose =_ obtain a **_truthful_** confession

Question 29

Legal Standards

Answer 29

5^th amendment & article 12 protect against self-incrimination during interrogations

Question 30

Defendants statement analyzed in two ways:

Answer 30

**_Miranda Analysis:_** advised rights and did he waive them Knowingly, intelligently & voluntarily **_Due Process Analysis:_** were all statements made on suspects free will

Question 31

Two prongs to Miranda

Answer 31

**Custody** & i**nterrogation** must be present before Miranda rights

Question 32

In Mass a statement made within

Answer 32

**6 hours** of an arrest will not be suppressed because of unreasonable delay of arraignment

Question 33

**_Safe harbor rule_**

Answer 33

statement outside of six-hour rule will be suppressed as involuntary unless arrestee waives their right

Question 34

police should delay questioning suspects who are:

Answer 34

inxtoicated or under the influence of drugs

Question 35

“Scrupulously honor”

Answer 35

suspects right to invoke and stop interrogation immediately

Question 36

Edwards Rule

Answer 36

suspect invokes his right to counsel

Question 37

Within ______ of arrival at police or detention facility

Answer 37

(**1) hour** people must be informed of their right to use and be allowed a telephone call to family, arrange bail or contact attorney

Question 38

Limited circumstances where Miranda warnings not be given include

Answer 38

1. Routine Booking question exception 2. Public safety exception

Question 39

what are P.R.I.N.C.P.L.E.S ? best practice for ______ interrogations

Answer 39

Plan the interrogation Rapport building Miranda Rights Normalize honesty Clarify Information Identify Contradictions Push through denials Listen and Look Evidence gathering Summarize

Question 40

Interviewing Victims:

Answer 40

balance victims immediate concerns or fear to obtain information first manage victims emotions (fear, panic, anger, silence, frustration) \*address victims need for physical & emotional safety first Use: P.R.I.D.E.S interview method

Question 41

Interviewing Witnesses:

Answer 41

Witnesses corroborate known info or provide officers with new info \* _Separate all witnesses immediately & interview separately_ Use P.R.I.D.E.S interview method Encourage & emphasize a need for justice

Question 42

Interviewing Children :

Answer 42

for serious crimes consult or request experienced child interviewer also Consult with Local DA Office \*\***_Do not_** use leading questions for children ..can be confusing & result in false affirmative responses.

Question 43

Interviewing People with limited English:

Answer 43

be patient, smile when appropriate, speak slowly & clearly Do not increase voice volume, Be concise (yes & no) \*serious criminal offenses have no communication until interpreter \*\*\*sit or stand in front of LEP & talk directly to them, _not interpreter_