Intro

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

the study of disease dynamics in populations

Question 2

Disease is a (random/not random) event?

Answer 2

Disease is NOT a random event!

Question 3

3 Components of One Health

Answer 3

1. Human
2. Animal
3. Environment

Question 4

3 Categories of the SIR Infection Model

Answer 4

1. Susceptible
2. Infectious
3. Removed (recovered or dead)

Question 5

Host-Agent-Environment Triad

Answer 5

interaction of all three determines whether or not disease is going to occur

Question 6

Characteristics of the Host

Answer 6

age, prior exposure, susceptibility, co-infection, immune status

Question 7

Characteristics of the Agent

Answer 7

toxicity, virulence, infectivity, antibiotic susceptibility, ability to survive outside the body

Question 8

Characteristics of the Environment

Answer 8

climate, physical structures, population density, societal structure

Question 9

YOPIC

Answer 9

Young, Old, Pregnant, ImmunoCompromised

Question 10

Host Interventions

Answer 10

immunize, treat, isolate, better nutrition

Question 11

Agent Interventions

Answer 11

eradicate or genetically modify

Question 12

Environment Interventions

Answer 12

improve housing quality/ventilation, water, sanitation

Question 13

4 Primary Tools for Infectious Disease Control

Answer 13

1. Identification of Cases
2. Isolation of Cases
3. Quarantine of the Exposed
4. Vaccination of the Susceptible

Question 14

isolation

Answer 14

occurs when you are already clinically infected

Question 15

quarantine

Answer 15

done when you are exposed but not yet a case

Question 16

Are isolation and quarantine interchangeable?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

Which poses the greatest risk: pre-clinical, sub-clinical, or clinically evident disease?

Answer 17

Both pre- and sub-clinical

Question 18

Three Reasons Why Pre and Sub Clinical Cases Pose Greatest Risk

Answer 18

1. Infected and shedding
2. Difficult to detect
3. Still active in the herd/community

Question 19

5 Ways Epidemiology Research works with Infectious Disease Control

Answer 19

1. Drugs for disease prevention
2. Education/Sanitation and Hygiene
3. Vaccines to prevent transmission
4. Vaccines to prevent infection
5. Vector Control

Question 20

What three things do you need to know for development of an effective disease control program?

Answer 20

1. Causes of the Disease
2. Impact of the Disease
3. Natural Course of the Disease

Question 21

Causes of Disease

Answer 21

includes etiology, pathophysiology, and risk factors

Question 22

2 Categories of Models of Disease Causation

Answer 22

1. Deterministic
2. Multi-factorial

Question 23

Koch-Henle Postulates (4)

Answer 23

deterministic model

Question 24

[Rothman’s] Casual Pies

Answer 24

multifactorial; not just simply the presence of an agent causes disease, there must also be other factors to create disease

Question 25

Web of Causation

Answer 25

entangled spider web as all causative factors are interconnected and there rarely is one causative factor to any disease or illness

Question 26

Intrinsic Host Factors

Answer 26

genetic predisposition, epigenetics, physiological state, immune status (exposed vs naive), co-morbidities

Question 27

Extrinsic Host Factors

Answer 27

socio-economic/husbandry factors

Question 28

Environmental Factors

Answer 28

air quality, ventilation, sanitation

Question 29

4 Ways We Measure the Impact of a Disease

Answer 29

1. Number of cases 2. Ease of transmission 3. Economic impact 4. Social impact

Question 30

prevalence

Answer 30

all of the existing cases at a point in time; how big is the problem?

Question 31

incidence

Answer 31

number of new cases that occur over a period of time; how likely is someone going to develop the disease?

Question 32

morbidity

Answer 32

sick

Question 33

mortality

Answer 33

death

Question 34

sequelae

Answer 34

essentially consequences/what happens next

Question 35

Factors in the Natural Course of the Disease

Answer 35

reservoirs, how is the agent introduced into the population, period of infectivity, severity of disability, length of immunity, potential for long-term consequences

Question 36

Reasons we should know how to critique biomedical literature?

Answer 36

clients ask us questions, they find stupid stuff on the internet, product reps try to sell us things, etc

Question 37

Hierarchy of Evidence (8)

Answer 37

Question 38

4 Basic Study Designs

Answer 38

1. Cross Sectional 2. Case Control 3. Cohort 4. Clinical Trial

Question 39

Which basic study designs are prospective, meaning they look forward in time?

Answer 39

cohort, clinical trials

Question 40

Which basic study designs are retrospective, meaning they look backward in time?

Answer 40

cross-sectional, case-control

Question 41

Relative Risk

Answer 41

measure of association in prospective studies

Question 42

Odds Ratio

Answer 42

measure of association in retrospective studies

Question 43

cross-sectional study

Answer 43

survey a defined population at a single point in time; aka prevalence survey

Question 44

Benefits of Cross-Sectional Studies

Answer 44

inexpensive, quick, useful for common diseases

Question 45

Case Control Study

Answer 45

compare exposures in cases and controls to and determine the relationship with disease

Question 46

Limiting Factor in Cross Sectional Studies?

Answer 46

you can only determine association, not cause

Question 47

Cohort Study

Answer 47

population free of disease to begin with is unexposed/exposed to in order to estimate the incidence of the disease

Question 48

Can retrospective cohort studies exist?

Answer 48

No, this is tricky so pray she doesn't ask about it because it doesn't make sense to me (retrospective cohorts are still prospective studies)

Question 49

clinical trial

Answer 49

allocate groups to control and one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on outcome after exposure

Question 50

Critique Questions for Epidemiology Studies

Answer 50

-Reliability of Diagnostic Test? -Study design? -What population? Was it representative? -What determined exposure? -Case definition? Subjective, objective? -Association vs. Cause and Effect? -Internal and External Validity -Statistical analysis?

Question 51

Internal validity

Answer 51

Are conclusions consistent with results?

Question 52

External Validity

Answer 52

Do the findings apply to the reference population?

Question 53

selection bias

Answer 53

a kind of error that occurs when the researcher decides who is going to be studied

Question 54

information bias

Answer 54

distortion in the measure of association caused by a lack of accurate measurements of key study variables (or maybe even too many but irrelevant)

Question 55

Confounding Factors

Answer 55

variables which interfere with the comparison we are attempting to make

Question 56

p-value

Answer 56

the probability that a result was due to chance

Question 57

Is rabies a disease that can be explained with a deterministic model?

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

What kind of disease are best explained with multifactorial models?

Answer 58

complex (ex: osteoarthritis)

Question 59

What infectious disease stage poses greatest risk to susceptible members of a population?

Answer 59

pre/sub clinical

Question 60

Which of the following is correct?

Answer 60

C) Cohort studies are more powerful than cross-sectional studies

Question 61

Are we worried about recall bias in prospective or retrospective studies?

Answer 61

retrospective

Question 62

Does loss to follow-up occur with prospective or retrospective studies?

Answer 62

prospective

Question 63

In which studies can we make a temporal association between exposure and outcome - prospective or retrospective?

Answer 63

prospective