Intro

Question 1

deals with the characterization of the individual sediments

Answer 1

Sedimentolgy

Question 2

Broad scientific discipline that encompasses the study of all kinds of sedimentary rocks

Answer 2

SedPet

Question 3

Fundamental Constituents

Answer 3

Terrigenous
Chemical/Biochemical
Carbonaceous
Authigenic

Question 4

• These sediments are derived from terrestrial environment
• From any rock type, including older sedimentary rocks
• Minerals and rock frags transpo to depositional basins (extrabasinal origin)
• Grains make up STS, CGL, SHL

Answer 4

Terrigenous Constituents

Question 5

in terrigenous constituents, ___ are often found as a result of recombination and crystallization from parent rocks during
weathering

Answer 5

Fe-Oxides and clay minerals

Question 6

• generated at weathering sites by recombination and crystallization

Answer 6

Secondary Minerals

Question 7

• Derived from the precipitates
• Soluble constituents e.g. calcite, gypsum
• Examples are ooids and pellets
• Includes limestones, cherts, evaporites,
  phosphorites

Answer 7

Chemical/Biochemical

Question 8

chemical/biochem processes are seen within______

Answer 8

Depositional Basins

Question 9

• lead to extraction from basin water of soluble constituents
  
  • forms minerals such as Cal, Gy, Ap
  • forms calcareous and siliceous shells of organisms
  • precipitations aggregated into silt or sand-size grains
    
    • moved about by current and waves within depositional basins
    • ex. Carbonate ooids and pellets
  • makes up Intrabasinal seds
  • ex. LST, Chert, Evaporites Phosphorites

Answer 9

Chemical/Biochemical Constituents

Question 10

Composed of carbonized residues of terrestrial plants, animals and petroleum bitumen

Answer 10

Carbonaceous

Question 11

• woody plant tissue residue
  -most constituents of coal

Answer 11

Humic

Question 12

Spores, pollen, phyto- and zooplanktons, and macerated plant debris in water; constituents of cannel coals and oil shales

Answer 12

Sapropelic

Question 13

solid, asphaltic residue form from petroleum through the loss of volatiles, oxidation and polymerization

Answer 13

Bitumens

Question 14

-Minerals precipitated from pore waters within the sedimentary pile during burial diagenesis
- may include Silicate and Non silicate minerals
- can be added during burial but are never the dominant constituents of seds

Answer 14

Authigenic (Secondary) Constituents

Question 15

Sed rocks cover about ? of the surface

Answer 15

80%

Question 16

Average thickness of Earth’s sedimentary shell is ?km

Answer 16

2.2

Question 17

the volume of sedimentary rocks of Earth’s crust is concentrated on the continents (?%surface)

Answer 17

29

Question 18

About ? percent of sedimentary rocks occur on the continental shelf and continental slope (?% surface)

Answer 18

13;14

Question 19

Approximately ? percent of the total volume of sedimentary rocks occurs on the floors of the oceans (?% surface)

Answer 19

17;58

Question 20

rocks that make up Earth’s sedimentary shell are mainly shales ?, sandstones ?, and carbonate rocks ?%

Answer 20

50;24;24

Question 21

T or F
relative volume of preserved shale per unit age has not changed significantly since early/ middle (Archean) Precambrian time.

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Number of recycling times a seds has undergone is a *function of

Answer 22

tectonic setting and the susceptibility of rocks to be weathered+eroded*

Question 23

Tectonic Setting (climate) governs

Answer 23

weathering/erosion intensity

Question 24

Rock type determined relative ease of destruction. Ranking

Answer 24

• Evaporites
• Limestones
• Dolomites
• Shales, Sandstones, Volcanogenic sediments

Question 25

*Evaporite rocks* are recycles upto **? times** in the GTS

Answer 25

15

Question 26

*carbonate rocks* are recycles upto **? times** in the GTS

Answer 26

10

Question 27

*SHL and STS* are recycles upto **? times** in the GTS

Answer 27

5

Question 28

Two possible models for sediment recycling

Answer 28

**Constant Mass Model** and **Linear Accumulation Model**

Question 29

- Early **degassing** - All **water along with acidic gasses** that can **react** with **early igneous rock** has been released - Since then, there haven't been any such degassing events which means no gasses, which meant that **no completely new sediment has been created** - Through time, seds have been recycled by erosion/destruction via metamorphism and recycling of CO2 and HC

Answer 29

**Constant Mass Model**

Question 30

- water, CO2 and HCl are **continuously degassed** from earth at a **linear rate** - **New** sedimentary rocks have thus **continued to form** through time by the breakdown of primary igneous rock. -the mass of sediments has **grown linearly through time** from zero to the currently existing mass.-

Answer 30

**Linear Accumulation Model**

Question 31

Sedimentary basins are now commonly classified in terms of

Answer 31

- (1) the **type of crust** on which the basins rest, - (2) the **position** of the basins with **respect to plate margins**, and - (3) for basins lying close to a plate margin, the **type of plate interactions occurring** during sedimentation

Question 32

The **rate of basin subsidence, together with rates of sea-level rise or fall,** determines the *????* – the space available at any time in which sediments can accumulate.

Answer 32

Accumulation Space

Question 33

**The size and shape of the basins**, which places *?????* that can accumulate.

Answer 33

limits on the volume of sediments

Question 34

- Terrestrial Rift Valleys - commonly associated with bimodal volcanism; - ex. Rio Grande Rift, NM

Answer 34

**Divergent Settings**

Question 35

- Incipient oceanic crust and flanked by young rifted - continental margins; ex. Red Sea

Answer 35

- **Proto-Oceanic Rift Troughs**

Question 36

- Mature rifted continental Margins in intraplate settings at continental oceanic interfaces

Answer 36

- *Continental Rise and Terraces*

Question 37

- Progradational sediment wedges formed of rifted continental margins

Answer 37

- *Continental embankments*

Question 38

Broad cratonic basins floored by fossil rifts in axial zones

Answer 38

- *Intracratonic Basins*

Question 39

- Stable cratons covered with thin laterally extensive sediment cover

Answer 39

- *Continental Platforms*

Question 40

Basins floored by oceanic crust formed at divergent plate boundaries unrelated to arc-trench systems (spreading still active).

Answer 40

Active ocean basins

Question 41

- Former failed rifts at high angles, which have been reactivated during convergent tectonics

Answer 41

Aulacogens

Question 42

rifts formed at high angles to continental margins, without preorogenic history

Answer 42

Impactogens

Question 43

Basins formed in intermontane settings following the cessation of local orogenic or taphrogenic activity

Answer 43

*Successor Basin*

Question 44

Sedimentary aprons and platforms formed in intraoceanic settings other than magmatic arcs.

Answer 44

Oceanic islands, aseismic ridges and plateaus:

Question 45

Basins floored by oceanic crust, which is neither spreading nor subducting (no active plate boundaries within or adjoining basin).

Answer 45

Dormant ocean basins:

Question 46

Deep troughs formed by subduction of oceanic lithosphere. Modern example: Chile Trench

Answer 46

Trenches:

Question 47

Local structural depressions developed on subduction complexes. Modern example: Central America Trench

Answer 47

Trench-slope basins:

Question 48

Basins within arc-trench gaps. Modern example: Sumatra

Answer 48

Forearc basins:

Question 49

Basins along arc platform, which includes superposed and overlapping volcanoes. Modern example: Lago de Nicaragua

Answer 49

Intraarc basins

Question 50

Oceanic basins behind intraoceanic magmatic arcs (including interarc basins between active and remnant arcs), and continental basins behind continental- margin magmatic arcs

Answer 50

Backarc basins:

Question 51

Foreland basins on continental sides of continental-margin arc-trench systems (formed by subduction-generated compression and/or collision). Modern example: Andes foothills

Answer 51

Retroarc foreland basins:

Question 52

Shrinking ocean basins caught between colliding continental margins and/or arc-trench systems, and ultimately subducted or deformed within suture belts. Modern example: Bay of Bengal

Answer 52

Remnant ocean basins:

Question 53

Foreland basins above rifted continental margins that have been pulled into subduction zones during crustal collisions (primary type of collision-related forelands). Modern example: Persian Gulf

Answer 53

Peripheral foreland basins:

Question 54

Basins formed and carried atop moving thrust sheets. Modern example: Peshawar Basin (Pakistan)

Answer 54

Piggyback basins:

Question 55

Basins formed among basement-cored uplifts in foreland settings. Modern example: Sierras Pampeanas basins (Argentina)

Answer 55

Foreland intermontane basins (broken forelands):

Question 56

Basins formed by extension along strike-slip fault systems. Modern example: Salton Sea (California)

Answer 56

Transtensional basins:

Question 57

Basins formed by compression along strike-slip fault systems. Modern example: Santa Barbara Basin (California) (foreland)

Answer 57

Transpressional basins:

Question 58

Basins formed by rotation of crustal blocks about vertical axes within strike-slip fault systems. Modern example: Western Aleutian forearc

Answer 58

Transrotational basins:

Question 59

Diverse basins formed within and on continental crust due to distant collisional processes. Modern example: Qaidam Basin (China)

Answer 59

Intracontinental wrench basins

Question 60

Former failed rifts at high angles to continental margins, which have been reactivated during convergent tectonics, so that they are at high angles to orogenic belts. Modern example: Mississippi embayment

Answer 60

Aulacogens:

Question 61

Rifts formed at high angles to orogenic belts, without preorogenic history (in contrast with aulacogens). Modern example: Baikal rift (Siberia) (distal)

Answer 61

Impactogens:

Question 62

Basins formed in intermontane settings following cessation of local orogenic or taphrogenic activity. Modern example: Southern Basin and Range (Arizona)

Answer 62

Successor basins: