Intro

Question 1

What does anthropos mean? What does -logy mean?

Answer 1

Human

To study

Question 2

What is anthropology?

Answer 2

the study of “everything and anything that makes us human”

• Both past and present

Question 3

Where did anthropology primarily emerge?

Answer 3

Europe and America

Question 4

What major forces led to the emergence of anthropology?

Answer 4

• Disruptions caused by Industrialization
• European discovery
• Colonialism
• Natural science, especially evolution theory

Question 5

How did industrialization influence anthropology?

Answer 5

Economic shifts from agriculture to industry caused social change, urban migration, and new questions about society.

Question 6

Which thinkers studied social changes during industrialization?

Answer 6

Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim.

Question 7

What is feudalism?

Answer 7

A hierarchical system based on land ownership and agricultural labor

Question 8

What defines capitalism?

Answer 8

Factory ownership and wage labor.

Workers - depend on wage labor

Question 9

What was the “Age of Discovery”?

Answer 9

1400–1700 period when Europeans encountered previously unknown societies.

led to colonialism and gave opportunities to them to encounter “other” society & culture that was previously unknown to them

This led many to write about “other” culture that influenced the emergence of anthropology

Question 10

What was the Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”)?

Answer 10

led many to study society from a scientific or rational point of view

Question 11

How was Darwin’s evolution theory was adapted for understanding the development of
societies from an evolutionary perspective

Answer 11

Through a hierarchy: savagery → barbarism → civilization (highest evolution, Europe, Have technology, think their religion is the best etc. )

Issue with this hierarchy is that just European perspective as it assumes Europe is at the top and they judge everyone else, racist framework

Question 12

How did colonialism shape early anthropology?

Answer 12

Early anthropologists contributed to othering non-Western peoples by differentiating and highlighting the social, cultural, and physical traits of Europeans superior to non-Europeans or Western people.

Question 13

What does “othering” mean?

Answer 13

see people unlike you from an inferior perspective (lesser then), they aren’t civilized like us

Question 14

What is the “Salvage Paradigm”?

Answer 14

Justified way of understanding non-Western and indigenous ways of life

The belief that Indigenous cultures would disappear, so they needed to be recorded.

Eventually this culture will change so started to keep records of cultures

Question 15

How has anthropology changed today?

Answer 15

Focus on primary data through ethnographic fieldwork.

Question 16

What is ethnographic fieldwork?

Answer 16

Immersing oneself in a culture through participation, observation, and note-taking

Question 17

What theoretical shift occurred in anthropology?

Answer 17

Moved away from a vision of science to more interpretative and humanistic approach (particularly Cultural Anthropology)

Question 18

Who challenged cultural evolution theory?

Answer 18

Franz Boas

Question 19

What are some subfields of anthropology?

Answer 19

• Archeology
• Biological/Physical Anthropology
• Linguistic Anthropology
• Cultural Anthropology
• Paleoanthropology
• Primatologist
• Forensic Anthropology

Question 20

What does the “sacred bundle” refer to?

Answer 20

The four interconnected subfields of anthropology.

Question 21

What is archaeology?

Answer 21

• Investigates human past; the changes in human culture and society.
• Study prehistoric society based on material culture and artifact.
• What did the earth look like in the past and how did it affect human development

Question 22

What is biological (physical) anthropology?

Answer 22

Study of human kind, racial origin, physiology from biological perspective

Question 23

What is linguistic anthropology?

Answer 23

Study of language and its relationship to culture, identity, and meaning.

How we developed language and how it changes overtime, how it’s utilized as a meaning system, gendered aspect of language

Question 24

What is cultural anthropology?

Answer 24

Study of human culture and society; similarities and diversities; cultural and social changes

Try to find commonality and differences between human culture

Question 25

What is paleoanthropology?

Answer 25

Collect fossils and do carbon testing

Question 26

What does a primatologist study?

Answer 26

Non- human primate group, observe behavior and look at relationship to humans

Question 27

What is forensic anthropology?

Answer 27

Analyze DNA etc. of fossils, dead bodies,

Question 28

What makes an Anthropological Perspective?

Answer 28

-Holism -Cultural Relativism -Comparative Perspective

Question 29

What is holism?

Answer 29

Studying humans as integrated wholes—biology, culture, language, history, and environment.

Question 30

Why is holism important?

Answer 30

It provides a complete understanding of human life across time and cultures.

Question 31

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 31

Understand other cultural behaviors on their own cultural meaning system, not judge culture by one's own culture or any standard of culture Try to avoid ethnocentrism

Question 32

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 32

Judging other cultures based on one’s own cultural standards. Opposite of cultural relativism

Question 33

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 33

Means you will not apply the view that your culture is superior and another is inferior in order to understand other cultures, all cultures must be viewed as equal

Question 34

What is the comparative perspective?

Answer 34

Cross-cultural comparison to identify similarities and differences and explain why these similarities and differences exist Reveals human diversity and the variety of social and cultural life.

Question 34

What are the three principles of ethics in anthropology?

Answer 34

1. Do no harm - Need to be conscious of not doing harm; need to abide by all ethical code of doing research often under some policies and legal frameworks. - They need to have informed consent - Some anthropologists argue that "doing no harm" is not enough; rather, they need to take "actions" for the marginal communities and "advocate" for justice (known as Action Anthropology). not a professional obligation but a choice. 2. Take Responsibility - Anthropologists also take responsibility of the subjects they study. They try to protect their subjects from any harm or injustice. 3. Who should control anthropological data and knowledge? - Biological anthropologists and archeologists entered to the communities (such as Indigenous communities) in the name of science and often, in the name of research, use and share cultural landscape, objects etc. Now anthropologists conform to the laws relating to Indigenous rights and share their findings with the indigenous people for their benefit.

Question 35

Who should control anthropological data?

Answer 35

Data should respect Indigenous rights and be shared with communities studied.

Question 36

What makes an Anthropological perspective? Why is it important to understand what makes us human?

Answer 36

- I think and Anthropological perspective needs to be holistic, meaning it considers biology, culture, language, history, and social relationships together rather than in isolation. Cultural relativism, comparisons, ethnographic - Being human matters because it allows us to be empathetic with one another, appreciate human diversity as each culture is unique (cultural relativism), solve real world-problems, holistic makes us human as the bio perspective = how we evolve, cultural = why humans different in terms of practices, etc.,

Question 37

T/F From the beginning of the field, anthropology focuses on both western and non-western society?

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Who among the following considered the founders of American cultural anthropology?

Answer 38

Franz Boas

Question 39

If you judge other culture with your own culture, you’re using_____.

Answer 39

Ethnocentric Perspective