intro lecture

Question 1

urine percent compisition

Answer 1

95% water, 5% solutes

Question 2

urea makes up ____ of total dissolved solids in urine

Answer 2

half

Question 3

list 3 major organic substances in urine

Answer 3

• creatinine
• uric acid
• hippuric acid

Question 4

list 3 major INorganic substances in urine

Answer 4

• chloride
• sodium
• potassium

Question 5

define normal daily urine vol

Answer 5

1200-1500 mL
normal range: 600-2000 mL/day

Question 6

define oliguria

Answer 6

decrease in normal daily urine
- vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, severe burns

Question 7

define anuria

Answer 7

cessation of urine flow
- serous damage to kidney
- decrease in flow of blood to kidney

Question 8

define nocturia

Answer 8

increase in nocturnal excretion of urine

Question 9

define polyuria

Answer 9

increase in daily urine vol

Question 10

what test can be run to determine if given fluid is urine, body fluid, water or synthetic

Answer 10

test for urea and creatinine
- both present in higher concentrations in urine than in other body fluids

Question 11

list factors that can influence urine volume

Answer 11

• fluid intake
• fluid loss from non renal sources
• variations in secretions of ADH
• kindey needs to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids

Question 12

describe urine presentation in diabetes mellitus

Answer 12

increased vol, increased specific gravity

Question 13

describe urine presentation in diabetes insipidus

Answer 13

increased vol, decreased specific gravity

Question 14

describe labelling process if there are multiple urine specimens from one patient

Answer 14

• one label on the container
• one label on the corresponding lid
• all tubes labeled

Question 15

when would a urine be rejected

Answer 15

Improper labelling, wrong time, not 2 patient IDs, 2 different patients listed, improper transport, insufficient quantity

Question 16

how many hours after collection should urine be tested within

Answer 16

2 hours

Question 17

describe color changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 17

• darkened
• oxidation or reduction of metabolites

Question 18

describe clarity changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 18

• decreased clarity
• bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material

Question 19

describe odor changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 19

• increased -> NOT REPORTED
• multiplication of bacteria or bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia

Question 20

describe pH changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 20

• increased (alkaline)
• breakdown of urea to ammonia

Question 21

describe glucose changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 21

• decreased
• glycolysis and bacterial use

Question 22

describe ketone changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 22

• decreased
• bacterial metabolism and volatilization

Question 23

describe bilirubin changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 23

• decreased
• exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin

Question 24

describe urobilinogen changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 24

• decreased
• oxidation to urobilin

Question 25

describe nitrate changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 25

- increased - multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

Question 26

describe red and white blood cell changes in urine samples after 2 hours unpreserved

Answer 26

- decreased - lysis in dilute alkaline urine

Question 27

list a con of refrigeration preservation of urine

Answer 27

can cause precipitation of amorphous materials that obscure microscopic sediment

Question 28

describe an ideal preservative

Answer 28

- bactericidal - inhibits urease - preserve formed elements - does not hinder chemical tests

Question 29

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY TESTED URINE SPECIMEN

Answer 29

random specimen - routine testing

Question 30

describe catheter urine collection

Answer 30

catheter into bladder - sterile - may collect epithelial cells - can go all the way to kidneys

Question 31

describe suprapubic aspiration

Answer 31

needle enters bladder from abdomen - completely free of contamination

Question 32

describe prostatitis specimen collection and why it is done

Answer 32

- done to determine prostate or bladder infection (1) beginning of urination into cup 1 (2) mid stream clean catch into second cup (control) (3) prostate is massaged and final urination collected into 3rd cup - if prostate infection 3rd cup has 3x more WBC and bacteria than 1st

Question 33

define COC

Answer 33

chain of custody - for legal documentation to prove no tampering has occured from collection to final result reporting