Intro & SCD Flashcards

Question

Inflammation

Answer 1

Natural response to tissue damage necessary for the healing process - changes pressure to slow internal bleeding - causes pain to tell the body to stop May or may not come with infection Lack of inflammatory response can indicate a disease such as AIDS Occurs with trauma, allergy, heat, and bacteria Acute or chronic For the most part, if you are hurting the patient, you are doing more harm than good. Classic signs: - redness, edema, heat, pain

Answer 2

An invasion of a pathogenic microorganism that disturbs homeostasis A foreign substance has invaded and is attacking. Infection is always a problem.

Answer 3

an injury or wound caused by external force or violence

Answer 4

extremities of heat and cold Types: 1. burns - 1st degree: suburn - 2nd degree: blister - 3rd degree: damage to epidermis and dermis - 4th degree: damage to underlying bone and or muscle 2. frostbite 3. radiation 4. electric shock - runs through arteries, veins, and muscle 5. bites

Answer 5

Neoplasm - means new growth or formation - may form a tumor (clump of tissue) - can be in blood (leukemia) Benign - small to large, but stays within its margins Malignant - spreads to other cells or tissues close by Metastasis - spread to other unrelated parts by way of blood or lymphatic stream

Answer 6

the body's ability to fight off invasion Types: 1. Natural and acquired - natural: genetic - race, sex, genetics - acquired: when the body develops an immunity - active (when you got it) - passive (immunization; maternal immunity occurs until baby is 8 weeks) 2. Allergy - malfunction of the immunity system - anaphylaxis: life threatening 3. Autoimmunity - the body attacks itself - IDDM (type I diabetes) and lupus 4. Immunodeficiency - impaired immune system - AIDS

Answer 7

A group of inherited (genetic) disorders that impact red blood cells - abnormal hemoglobin (carries O2) - normal RBCs live 120 days, are round, soft, and flexible; but with SCD they life 20 days, are sticky, brittle, and crescent shaped which leads to O2 loss, pain, and stoke

Answer 8

Each person has a hemoglobin A trait from EACH parent - If you have one that is the SCT, you are a carrier - If you have TWO- you have SCD - If you have NONE- you do not have the trait and cannot have or pass on the disease

Answer 9

Type depends on the type of hemoglobin Most common is hemoglobin (SS) - most severe - inherit one sickle gene from each parent Other types: Hemoglobin SB Hemoglobin SB+ Hemoglobin SB 0 Hemoglobin SD, SE, SO

Answer 10

Most common in Africa, India, Latin America, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean There is a link between SCD and malaria Roughly 100,000 in the US - 1 million carriers - Genetic counseling can help stop the spread 7% of the world carries the trait

Answer 11

Slowing or blockage of blood to any part of the body Pain crisis: miss 1-14 days of work/school, but are experiencing symptoms everyday Dactylitis: inflammation of digits - blood vessels are smaller so it's easier for a sickle cell to turn and blood blood and lymph flow Wounds: if an area doesn't receive enough blood it will rot Spleen (infection): spleen helps with immune system, infection, and RBCs Respiratory and cardio systems: asthma and chest pain Strokes - Silent stroke: not noticeable, but seen on MRI - Overt stokes: - ischemic: lack of oxygen; SNAPCHAT blocks blood flow - hemorrhagic: occurs after ischemic due to aneurism * Thrombosis is a blood clot stuck to the vessel wall. If a piece breaks off, the piece is called an embolism. If the thrombosis keeps collecting RBCs, it will cause an ischemic stroke. The walls of the vessel will expand. This expansion is called an aneurism. If the aneurism ruptures, a hemorrhagic stroke can occur. Visual deficits: retinopathy - retina is affected, can cause blindness Avascular necrosis - bone loses blood, bone dies - often in femur and lunate

Answer 12

Slower to hit milestones - higher resting energy expenditure - smaller and slower to hit puberty Miss opportunities - 4-6 days per year in hospital Intellectual deficits from stroke Social impact - ADHD and behavioral issues - psychosocial factors (depression) - labeled as "sick kid" and often the outcast among peers Long term impact - diminished executive function (planning, decision making, organization) - memory showed decline faster than adults without SCD - higher unemployment since they have to take sick days more often

Answer 13

Access to medical care - health care and disparity Testing - went wrong in the 70s - became mandatory in 1989 Less funding for research Come from lower education levels and lack healthcare literacy Job discrimination Drug seekers - often have medication for pain; if they go to a new doctor, they could be accused of drug seeking

Answer 14

In the US, most live to adulthood, but shortened by 10 years. Medications: * prophylactic penicillin: for those under 5 because they can't communicate how they're feeling * opioids: during pain crisis * hydroxyurea: cancer drug to build up RBCs * contraception: progestin only are safe * immunizations * supplements (non iron based) Worldwide die by the age of 5 Pediatric hematologists should be established in the first year and seen regularly. The issue with that is there are only 1,900 to 2,100 total in the US.

Answer 15

Ultrasound/MRI - problem is they are expensive and hard to come by Blood transfusions - gold standard to prevent CVAs - hemosiderosis (iron overload) is a possible side effect Splenectomy - removal after recurring splenomegaly (spleen inflammation) Joint replacement - after avascular necrosis Bone marrow transplant - experimental and has many risks Gene therapy and stem cell options

Answer 16

Ultrasound/MRI - problem is they are expensive and hard to come by Blood transfusions - gold standard to prevent CVAs - hemosiderosis (iron overload) is a possible side effect Splenectomy - removal after recurring splenomegaly (spleen inflammation) Joint replacement - after avascular necrosis Bone marrow transplant - experimental and has many risks Gene therapy and stem cell options

Answer 17

ADLs - mostly independent - impacted by acute pain, strokes, wounds, and avascular necrosis IADLs - executive functions - supporting the client and parents Spirituality and prayer - patients who are spiritual have fewer hospitalizations - area of acceptance Health and management - medication adherence routines and habits - exercise and activity that fits them (avoid strenuous due to higher resting energy expenditure) Sleep management Education Work Play and leisure

Answer 18

- ADLs, BADLs, IADLs - sleep, work, play, leisure, social participation

Answer 19

- motor (ROM, strength), process and social skills (comfort, anxiety) - building blocks of occupation

Answer 20

body function, structure, values, beliefs, personality

Answer 21

habits, routines, roles

Answer 22

physical, personal, social, temporal, and virtual

Answer 23

- dominant, recessive, sex linked genetic material - sickle cell - happens before conception

Answer 24

- defect in a chromosome (after conception) - trisomy of chromosome 21 (downs syndrome) - fragile x (worse in boys)

Answer 25

- caused by an intervention - pt with cancer does radiation and gets leukemia

Answer 26

- get it from hospital - in hospital for heart attack, gets COVID

Answer 27

- partly genetic, partly environmental - arthritis

Answer 28

- trauma - chemical burns

Answer 29

1. fungi - through contact - histoplasmosis, thrush, ringworm 2. rickettsial - bites from live, ticks, unsanitary conditions - rocky mountain spotted fever, lyme disease 3. protozoa - single celled microorganism - malaria, trichomoniasis 4. viruses - smallest microorganism (hardest to deal with) - can be dormant for long period of time - chicken pox, hepatitis, flu 5. bacteria - single celled - can be useful - TB, whooping cough, syphilis 6. parasites - requires a host - internal and external - lice, pin worms

Answer 30

Types: 1. head trauma - TBI or CHI (closed head injury) - concussion, cerebral contusion, skull, nose, jaw, or eardrum 2. chest trauma - penetrating injuries - nonpenetrating injuries (rib fracture, aorta rupture) 3. abdominopelvic trauma - penetrating or nonpenetrating - any trauma to the guts 4. neck and spine - fracture, dislocation, contusion, compression - occurs at levels: osteological (what's broken), functional, neurological (where you feel it) 5. Extremities - fractures - tendon (muscle to bone), ligament (bone to bone), nerves (supply electricity for muscles to move), cartilage (lines articular surfaces and acts as shock absorber)

Intro & SCD Flashcards

(55 cards)