1
Q
The trunk consists of what 3 areas?
A
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
2
Q
The thorax ranges from… to…
A
Clavicle to Diaphragm
3
Q
The abdomen ranges from… to…
A
Diaphragm to Pelvis
4
Q
The pelvis consists of…
A
Innominates and sacrum
5
Q
Cranial
A
Located towards the head
6
Q
Cephalad
A
Towards the head
7
Q
Caudal
A
Located towards the tail
8
Q
Caudad
A
Towards the tail
9
Q
Anterior
A
Front
10
Q
Posterior
A
Back
11
Q
Superior
A
Above
12
Q
Inferior
A
Below
13
Q
Medius
A
Middle
14
Q
Flexor
A
Flexor muscles
15
Q
Extensor
A
Extensor muscles
16
Q
Axial
A
Axis of a structure
17
Q
Transverse
A
Right ankles to long axis
18
Q
Longitudinal
A
Parallel to long axis
19
Q
Horizontal
A
Parallel to plane of horizon
20
Q
Vertical
A
Perpendicular to horizon
21
Q
Medial
A
Toward median plane
22
Q
Lateral
A
Away from medial plane
23
Q
Median
A
Middle/midline
24
Q
Central
A
Center/inferior of the body
25
Peripheral
Away from the center
26
Superficial
Near the surface
27
Deep
Deep beneath the surface
28
External
Outer/lateral
29
Internal
Inner/medial
30
Apical
Tip/apex
31
Basal
Bottom/base
32
Occipital
Back of the head
33
Temporal
Lateral region of the head
34
Sagittal
Parallel to sagittal suture
35
Coronal
Parallel to coronal suture
36
Rostral
Toward nose/brow
37
Frontal
To the forehead
38
Basilar
To the skull base
39
Proximal
Close/toward trunk
40
Distal
Away from trunk
41
Radial
To radius/lateral side of FA
42
Ulnar
To ulna/medial side of FA
43
Tibial
Tibia/medial side of leg
44
FIbular
Fibula/lateral side of leg
45
Palmar/Volar
Palm of hand
46
Plantar
Sole of foot
47
Dorsal
Top of foot/back of hand
48
What body structure determines the plane?
Thorax
49
What axis goes along with the sagittal plane?
Transverse
50
What axis goes along with the transverse plane?
Longitudinal
51
What axis goes along with the frontal plane?
AP (Sagittal)
52
T/F? The scapular is in the frontal plane?
False, it is a little forward.
53
What does the axial skeleton consists of?
Skull
Vertebra column
Sternum
Ribs
54
What does the appendicular skeleton consists of?
```
UE
LE
Girdle bones
Shoulder bones (scapula/clavicle)
Pelvic bones
```
55
Does proximal/distal change?
NO
56
Does superior/inferior change?
YES
57
What is the smallest living structure?
Cells
58
What are tissues?
Group of similar cells and intercellular substance which surge specific function
59
List simple to complex of the organization.
1) Cells
2) Tissues
3) Organs
4) Organ systems
5) Organism
60
What are some tissues?
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous
Connective
61
Epithelial tissues...
```
Line internal/external surfaces
Primarily cells (heavy work)
Protect other tissues and regular movement in/out of other tissues (constant turnover)
```
62
Name the 3 types of muscle tissues.
1) Smooth
2) Skeletal
3) Cardiac
63
What is the function/appearance of muscle?
Generates force
| Striated appearance
64
What is the function of nervous tissues?
Carries/transfers info
65
What is C.T.?
Cells and intercellular matrix that attaches (connects) anchors, and/or protects other tissues
*Matrix plays important role
66
What are the 4 types of C.T.?
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Blood
67
What are the 3 types of fibers in C.T.?
1) Collagen - tri-helical
2) Elastin
3) Reticular - collagen fibrils
68
Descendants of Fibrous C.T.:
Fibroblast
| Fibrocyte
69
Descendants of Cartilage.:
Chondroblast
| Chondrocyte
70
Descendants of Bone.:
Osteoblast
| Osteocyte
71
Descendants of Blood:
```
Hematopoietic stem cell
Blood cells (¯ophages)
```
72
Subclasses of Fibrous C.T.:
1) Loose C.T. - Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
| 2) Dense C.T. - Regular, Irregular, Elastin
73
Subclasses of Cartilage:
1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastin
74
Subclasses of Bone:
1) Compact
| 2) Spongy (cancellous)
75
What is collagen fibers?
Made from collagen, tri-helical structure, well-organized fibers, resist tensile loads (very little stretch)
76
What is elastic fibers?
Made from elastin, ability to stretch, develop tension and return to original length
77
What is reticular fibers?
Made from collagen fibrils (small fibers), poorly organized fibers
78
Loose C.T. consists of:
1) Areolar
2) Adipose
3) Reticular
79
Dense C.T. consists of:
1) Regular
2) Irregular
3) Elastic
80
Loose C.T. are:
Most abundant C.T., mostly collagen, filler tissue, holds vessels and nerves, poorly organized, found in subcutaneous areas
81
Dense C.T. are:
Primarily collagen in various organized arrangements
82
Areolar:
Gel-like matrix that wraps and cushions organs.
| Found under epithelium, (lamina propria) and surrounding capillaries and organs.
83
Adipose:
Cells=adipose cells are able to store large amounts of fat. Very little intercellular space.
84
Reticular:
Found within bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. Similar appearance to areolar.
85
Regular:
Named b/c of its ordered arrangement of collagen fibers. Dense regular C.T.s are ideal at resisting tensile loads in one or few directions.
Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses.
86
Irregular:
Collagen fibers have less ordered arrangements.
Although not as strong as regular dense C.T., they can withstand loads in numerous directions.
Fibrous joint capsules, skin dermis, periosteum.
87
Elastic:
Primarily consisting of elastic fibers (formed from protein elastin), ground in walls of arteries, trachea, and ligamentum nuchae (extension of supraspinous ligament)
88
Organs are...
Group of at least 2 tissues working cooperatively to perform a specific function.
Heart (Cardiovascular system)
Stomach (Digestive system)
89
Organ systems...
Group of organs and tissues functioning cooperatively to perform specific functions.
12 organ systems
90
What is cartilage?
```
Cells = Chondrocytes
Gel-matrix = Proteoglycans
```
91
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
1) Hyaline
2) Fibrous
3) Elastic
92
What is hyaline?
Strongest cartilage, approx. 40% collagen & 60% gel, articular cartilage, embryonic precursor to bone, forms synchondroses
93
What is fibrous?
70% collagen, 10% elastin, 20% gel, forms fibrocartilage pages and sympheses
94
What is elastic?
Mostly elastin, not found in joints, epiglottis and outer ears
95
Blood is...
Cells = erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
Platelets = cell remnants
Contains cells, an intercellular fluid matrix plasma, and fibers albumin. Not typical b/c it doesn't really connect or support other tissues
96
Bones is...
Cells = osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclasts
| Composed of organic and inorganic materials
97
What are the organic materials of bone?
```
30-35%
Cells
Collagen fibers (25-30%)
Ground/gel substance (5%)
Proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans)
```
98
What are the inorganic materials of bone?
65-70%
Mineral salts
Hydroxyapatite crystals
