Intro to Arthrology

Question 1

What are joints designed for?

Answer 1

Movement

Question 2

Joints are typically described as one of three ___axial terms. What are they?

Answer 2

uniaxial (one axis of movement), biaxial (two axes of movement), multiaxial (multiple axes of movement)

Question 3

What fibrous tissue only occurs in the skull?

Answer 3

sutures

Question 4

This is a sheet of fibrous tissue that connects some bones, such as those in the forearm in a way that leaves lots of space between the bones and therefore lots of movement

Answer 4

syndesmosis

Question 5

When a joint is connected by cartilage or combination of cartilage and fibrous tissue, it is a ____ joint

Answer 5

cartilaginous (e.g. cartilage connects the ribs to breastbone)

Question 6

The vertebrae are connected by ___ ___ discs

Answer 6

fibrocartilagenous intervertebral

Question 7

What’s the most common type of joint?

Answer 7

synovial

Question 8

What three features do synovial joints have?

Answer 8

• joint cavity
• articular cartilage
• joint capsule

Question 9

What’s a joint cavity?

Answer 9

space between the 2 joint surfaces

Question 10

What are five features of articular cartilage?

Answer 10

• shiny, whitish connective tissue
• protects underlying bone
• designed to absorb shock (joint forces), allow movement (smooth surface), and to last (very tough) (it can still be damaged/wear away over time)
• no nerves, no blood vessels
• usually hyaline cartilage

Question 11

What are four features of a joint capsule?

Answer 11

• surrounds and lines the joint
• does not cover the articular cartilage
• makes the synovial fluid contained within the joint
• friction between the 2 joint surfaces is minimized by lubrication from synovial fluid and by the articular cartilage

Question 12

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 12

• condyloid (ellipsoid)
• saddle
• ball and socket
• plane
• pivot
• hinge (ginglymus)

Question 13

What are the a.k.a.s of the ligament of head of femur?

Answer 13

ligamentum teres, round ligament, foveal ligament

Question 14

A fibrocartilagenous lip that attaches to the bony rim of the acetabulum and functions to deepen the acetabulum (make the “socket” a deeper socket

Answer 14

acetabular labrum

Question 15

What’s the a.k.a. for the condyloid joint?

Answer 15

ellipsoid

Question 16

How many axes and what movements do the condyloid joint perform?

Answer 16

• biaxial
• flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (and circumduction)
• e.g. knuckles

Question 17

How many axes does the saddle joint have, and how would you describe the shape and articulation?

Answer 17

• biaxial
• opposing surfaces are shaped like saddles
• concave and convex articulate with each other
• e.g. thumb

Question 18

What type of join is multiaxial and has a spheroidal surface that articulates with the socket of another surface?

Answer 18

ball and socket (e.g. hip)

Question 19

What type of joint performs gliding or sliding movements, has joint surfaces that are flat or almost flat, and is normally uniaxial?

Answer 19

plane (e.g. acromioclavicular joint)

Question 20

This type of joint is uniaxial and performs rotation movements in which a rounded process rotates within a sleeve or ring.

Answer 20

pivot (e.g. C1-C2; humerus/ulna articulation)

Question 21

This type of joint is uniaxial, and performs flexion and extension only (also name the a.k.a.)

Answer 21

hinge, a.k.a. ginglymus

Question 22

What are bursae?

Answer 22

• sacs filled with synovial fluid that decrease the friction generated by the motion of one tissue over another
• normal bursa are flat
• singular: bursa

Question 23

Where are bursae located? (3 general locations)

Answer 23

between:

• tendons and bony prominences
• tendons and other tendons
• bone and overlying skin

Question 24

What connects bone to bone?

Answer 24

ligaments (abbr. lig.)

Question 25

What 'protective' features did we learn about the function of ligaments?

Answer 25

they check/restrict a movement to prevent excessive, potentially injurious, movement

Question 26

When the ligaments and joint capsule are tight; the joint has maximal articular surface contact; and there's increased stability, decreased mobility; this is ____ position.

Answer 26

close-packed

Question 27

How would you describe loose-packed position? (three points)

Answer 27

- the ligaments and joint capsule are loose - the joint has maximal space and available movement - increased mobility, decreased stability

Question 28

Which ligaments relax during childbirth to allow passage of the fetus?

Answer 28

vertebropelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis

Question 29

Where, specifically, does the iliolumbar ligament run, what does it stabilize, and what does it check?

Answer 29

- TVPs (transverse processes) of L4, L5 to posterior iliac crest - key stabilizer of L5 - checks lateral flexion

Question 30

This ligament runs from the posterior surface of the sacrum/coccyx to the ischial tuberosity

Answer 30

sacrotuberous ligament

Question 31

Where does the sacrospinous ligament run?

Answer 31

lateral sacrum/coccyx to the ischial spine