Introduction

Question 1

physiology

Answer 1

• branch of biology that studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms

Question 2

what are the characteristics of life (7)

Answer 2

• order and complexity
• harvest and use of energy
• growth and development
• reproduction
• regulation
• response to environment
• evolution

Question 3

what is the connection/characteristics between forms of life on earth? (2)

Answer 3

• life on earth is extremely diverse

- but all life on earth has a single origin; all nature kingdoms share a common ancestor

Question 4

LUCA (2)

Answer 4

• Last Universal Common Ancestor

- all living organisms share fundamental similarities because of LUCA, even plants and animals

Question 5

what structure is common to all three domains of life on Earth

Answer 5

• the phospholipid bilayer membrane

Question 6

plasma membrane significance (2)

Answer 6

• creates distinct environment that isolates cellular components from external interference
• allows for complexity and order

Question 7

cell significance

Answer 7

• fundamental unit of life

- differences and similarities between animal, plant, and bacterial cells

Question 8

both plants and animals are eukaryotes; therefore, most cells in plants and animals have: (5)

Answer 8

• a plasma membrane, a nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi

both have mitochondria to generate energy for cell, but plants have ADDITIONAL chloroplasts

Question 9

key similarities between animal and plant cells (2)

Answer 9

• plasma membrane: shared feature among all life domains

- intracellular organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi; shared feature among all eukaryotes (including plants)

Question 10

key difference between animal and plant cells (2)

Answer 10

• plants cells have chloroplasts

- plant cells have a cell wall

Question 11

chloroplasts function (3)

Answer 11

• harvest energy from light
• capture CO2
• store the light energy and CO2 as simple sugars

Question 12

chloroplasts (2)

Answer 12

• double-membrane organelle
• evolved from cyanobacteria: after engulfed, symbiosis eventually led to loss of some function and then integration in the plant cell

Question 13

plant cell wall function (3)

• function (2)
• absence in animal cells

Answer 13

• can withstand high osmotic pressure; expand, but don’t explode due to strong cell wall
• cell wall allows for generation of beneficial turgor pressure in plants cells
• animal cells burst due to osmotic pressure

Question 14

overview of flowering plant organization

Answer 14

• the root and shoots systems are connected by a continuous vasculature

Question 15

overview of vertebrate body organization

Answer 15

• the vertebrate body is made up of multiple interacting organ systems

Question 16

main tissue types in plants (3)

Answer 16

• dermal
• vascular
• ground

Question 17

main tissue types in animals (4)

Answer 17

organized into multiple organs are:

• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

Question 18

key ideas about plants at the organism level (2)

Answer 18

• plants are often rooted in place and can move only locally

- must be able to cope with changes in environment (fight or fight)

Question 19

key ideas about animals at the organism level (2)

Answer 19

• many (but not all) animals move

- animals can actively decide when and where to move (fight or fly/flight)

Question 20

what do all organisms need (2)

• need
• use of need

Answer 20

• energy

- use energy for growth, development, maintenance, and repair

Question 21

animal primary energy source

Answer 21

• organic matter (from other plants or other animals)

Question 22

plant primary energy source

Answer 22

• sunlight

Question 23

how do animals get energy and nutrients (3)

Answer 23

• ingest water and organic material containing complex organic molecules from other organisms
• organic material is broken down to obtain building blocks that can be reused
• breaking down complex molecules releases energy which can be stored as ATP

Question 24

what are the direct sources of energy for animals? (4)

Answer 24

• carbohydrates
• fats
• proteins
• ATP

Question 25

ATP (2)

Answer 25

- fundamental energy currency | - come from oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 26

how do plants get energy and nutrients? (4)

Answer 26

- plants capture energy from sunlight (inorganic molecules) - the energy is used to fix inorganic CO2 into organic carbohydrates/simple organic molecules (monosaccharides) - carbohydrates are broken down to obtain metabolic energy (ATP) and building blocks; breakdown releases ATP - inorganic molecules taken from soil are also used to form building blocks

Question 27

what can be used as sources of energy for plants? (4)

Answer 27

- carbohydrates - fats - proteins - sunlight

Question 28

plant and animal principles of transport (3) | - similarities

Answer 28

plants and animals share same principles of transport: - use circulatory systems to transport large quantity of materials to remote areas - fluids are transported using positive and negative pressure systems - pressure systems in plant and animals require an energy input to work

Question 29

positive pressure systems (2) - animals - plants

Answer 29

- animals: circulation | - plants: phloem transport (sugars)

Question 30

negative pressure systems (2) - animals - plants

Answer 30

- animals: breathing | - negative: xylem transport of water

Question 31

plant and animal principles of transport (3) - differences - animals vs plants (2)

Answer 31

animals and plants differ in the mechanisms that generate energy for transport - animals: muscles - plants: physics (molecule gradients); osmosis or transpiration/evaporation

Question 32

how are plants and animals similar in their responses to the environment (2)

Answer 32

- sensing and responding mechanisms in plants and animals share the same fundamental features - environmental/developmental signal -> receptor -> signal transduction pathway -> response

Question 33

animal responses to the environment (3)

Answer 33

- have complex sensory organs with multiple cell types (eg. light censor in animal eyes) - endocrine (chemical) and nervous (electrical) systems coordinate to respond across the entire organism - in many animals, the brain coordinates and integrates multiple signals in induces rapid responses at the organismal level

Question 34

plant responses to the environment (3)

Answer 34

- usually detect signals at the level of individual cells (eg. gravity sensor locating in each cell of root cells) - long distance communication uses hormones and rarely electrical signals - plants lack brains; cellular responses are very fast, but coordinated response at the organismal level are generally slow