1
Q
- composed of specialized cells, whose function is to: receive sensory stimuli and to transmit them to effector organs, whether muscular or grandular
A
nervous sytem
2
Q
coordinated so that the effector organs work harmoniously together for the well-being of the individual
A
efferent impluses
3
Q
- consists of the brain and spinal cord
- brain and spinal cord are the main centers where correlation and integration of nervous information occurs
A
central nervous system
4
Q
- consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia
A
peripheral nervous sytem
5
Q
- both the brain and spinal cord are covered with a system of membranes ___ and are suspended in ___
A
meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
6
Q
- protected by the bones of the skull and the vertebral column
- protective covering of the spinal cord
A
meninges
7
Q
- CNS is composed of large numbers of neurons
- excitable nerve cells
A
neurons
8
Q
- processes of neurons are known as
A
axons or nerve fibers
9
Q
- neurons are supported by specialized tissue called
A
neuroglia
10
Q
- the CNS interior is organized into ___ and ___
A
gray matter, white matter
11
Q
- gray in color
- consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia
A
gray matter
12
Q
- consists of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia and is white in color because of the presence of lipid material in nerve fiber myelin sheaths
A
white matter
13
Q
- In the PNS, the ___ and ___ nerves conduct information to and from the CNS
- unprotected and are commonly damaged by trauma
A
cranial and spinal nerves
14
Q
- innervates the body’s involuntary structures such as the heart, smooth muscle, and glands
- distributed throughout the CNS and PNS and is divided into two parts: sympathetic & parasympathetic
A
autonomic nervous system
15
Q
- prepare the body for an emergency
A
sympathetic part of the ANS
16
Q
- conserving and restoring energy
A
parasympathetic
17
Q
- meninges is formed by
- three meninges
A
dura, arachnoid, and pia matter
18
Q
- space between the arachnoid and pial membranes
- contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
subarachnoid space
19
Q
- projects into the dural venous sinuses to drain CSF from the subarachnoid space
- connect the dura mater to the pia mater
A
arachnoid mater
20
Q
Central Nervous System
A
Brain Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Spinal cord
21
Q
Central Nervous System
Forebrain
A
Cerebrum
Diencephalon (between brain)
22
Q
Central Nervous System
Hindbrain
A
medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum
23
Q
Central Nervous System
Spinal cord
A
cervical segments thoracic segments lumbar segments sacral segments coccygeal segments
24
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
cranial nerves and their ganglia spinal nerves and the ganglia 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
25
Peripheral Nervous System
| 12 pairs that exit the skull through the foramina
Cranial nerves and their ganglia
26
Peripheral Nervous System
| 31 pairs that exit the vertebral column through the intervertebral foramina
spinal nerves and their ganglia
27
- situated within the vertebral canal of the vertebral column and is surrounded by three meninges
- roughly cylindrical and begins superiorly at the foramen magnum in the skull where it is continuous with the medulla oblongata of the brain.
spinal cord
28
- protection of the spinal cord is provided by the ___ which surrounds the spinal cord in the ___
cerebrospinal fluid, subarachnoid space
29
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves are attached by the ___ and the ___
anterior or motor roots, posterior or sensory roots
30
- each posterior nerve root possesses a ___,
| - the cells of which give rise to peripheral and center nerve fibers
posterior root ganglion
31
TRUE OR FALSE
| the spinal cord is composed of an inner core of gray matter which is surrounded by an outer covering of white matter
true
32
- seen on cross section as an H-shaped pillar with anterior and posterior gray columns, or horns united by a thin gray commissure containing the small central canal
gray matter
33
- divided into anterior, lateral, and posterior white columns
white matter
34
- lies in the cranial cavity and is continuous with the spinal through the foramen magnum
- surrounded by the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater
brain
35
- divided into three major divisions: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain in ascending order from the spinal cord
brain
36
- collective term of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
| - what remains after the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are removed
brain stem
37
- comprises the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum
hindbrain
38
- conical in shape and connects the pons superiorly to the spinal cord inferiorly
medulla oblongata
39
- medulla oblongata contains many collections of neurons called
- serves as a conduit for ascending and descending nerve fibers
nuclei
40
- situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the midbrain and superior to the medulla oblongata
- large number of transverse fibers on it anterior aspect connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres
pons
41
- contains many nuclei and ascending and descending nerve fibers
pons
42
- posterior cranial fossa of the skull
| - posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata
cerebellum
43
- cerebellum consists of two laterally placed hemispheres connected by a median portion called the
vermis
44
- the cerebellum is connected to the ___ by the superior cerebellar peduncles, to the ___ by the middle cerebellar peduncles, and to the ___ by the inferior cerebellar peduncles
mid- brain, pons, medulla
45
- composed of large bundles of nerve fibers connecting the cerebellum to the remainder of the nervous system
peduncles
46
- the surface layer of each cerebellar hemisphere
| - composed of gray matter
cortex
47
- thrown into folds or folia, separated by closely set transverse fissures
cerebellar cortex
48
- certain masses of gray matter are found in the interior of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter
- the largest of these is known as
denate nucleus
49
- the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the cerebellum surround a cavity filled with CSF, called
fourth ventricle
50
- fourth ventricle is connected superiorly to the third ventricle by the
- inferiorly it is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
cerebral aqueduct
51
- narrow part of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain
midbrain
52
- the narrow cavity of the midbrain
| - connects the third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
53
TRUE OR FALSE
| the midbrain does not contain a lot of nuclei and bundles of ascending and descending nerve fibers
false, contains a lot
54
- comprises the diencephalon (between brain)
| - central part of the forebrain, and the cerebrum
forebrain
55
- consists of a dorsal thalamus and a ventral hypothalamus
| - between brain
diencephalon
56
- large, egg-shaped mass of gray matter that lies on either side of the third ventricle
thalamus
57
- anterior end of the thalamus forms the posterior boundary of the
interventricular foramen
58
TRUE OR FALSE
| the thalamus forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle
false, hypothalamus
59
- largest part of the brain
| - consists of two cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a mass of white matter
cerebrum
60
- mass of white matter in the cerebrum
corpus callosum
61
- the hemispheres are separated by a deep cleft called
| - into which projects the falx cerebri
longitudinal fissure
62
- surface layer of each hemisphere
| - composed of gray matter
cortex
63
- the cerebral cortex is thrown into folds called
gyri
64
- the cerebral cortex is separated by fissures or
sulci
65
TRUE OR FALSE
| this arrangement greatly increases the surface area of the cortex
TRUE
66
- a number of the large sulci are used to subdivide the surface of each hemisphere into
lobes
67
- within the hemisphere is a central core of white matter containing several large masses of gray matter
basal nuclei or ganglia
68
- fan shaped collection of nerve fibers
| - passes in the white matter to and from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem
corona radiata
69
- the corona radiata converges on the basal nuclei and passes between them as the
internal capsule
70
- the tailed nucleus situated on the medial side of the internal capsule is the
caudate nucleus
71
- the lens shaped nucleus on the lateral side of the internal capsule is the
lentiform nucleus
72
- within each cerebral hemisphere is a cavity called
lateral ventricle
73
- communicate with the third ventricle through the
interventricular foramina
74
TRUE OR FALSE
during the process of development, the cerebrum becomes enormously enlarged and overhangs the diencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain
true
75
- composed of an inner core of white matter, which is surrounded by an outer covering of gray matter
brain
76
- situated deeply within the white matter
gray matter
77
- grey cerebellar nuclei in the ___ and the gray thalamic, caudate, and lentiform nuclei in the ___
cerebellum, cerebrum
78
- made up of bundles of nerve fibers supported by connective tissue
cranial and spinal nerves
79
- leave the brain and pass through foramina in the skull
12 pairs of cranial nerves
80
- leave the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina in the vertebral column
31 pairs of spinal nerves
81
- the spinal nerves are associated with regions of the spinal cord:
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
82
- 8 cervical nerves yet only _ cervical vertebrae
7
83
- 1 coccygeal nerve but _ coccygeal vertebrae
4
84
- each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by two roots:
anterior root & posterior root
85
- consists of bundles of nerve fibers carrying nerve impulses away from the CNS - efferent fibers
- their cells of origin lie in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord
anterior root
86
efferent fibers that go to skeletal muscles and cause them to contract are
motor fibers
87
consists of bundles of afferent fibers that carry nervous impulses to the CNS
posterior root
88
afferent fibers covey information about sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and vibration, they are called
sensory fibers
89
- the cell bodies of the afferent fibers are situated in a swelling on the posterior root called the
- sensory ganglia of spinal nerves
posterior root ganglion
90
the spinal nerve roots pass from the spinal cord to the level of their respective intervertebral foramina, where they unite to form a
spinal nerve
91
TRUE OR FALSE
because of the disproportionate growth in length of the vertebral column during development, compared with that of the spinal cord, the length of the roots increases progressively from above downward
true
92
- the spinal nerve roots are short and run almost horizontally, but the roots of the lumbar and sacral nerves below the level of the termination of the cord
- consists of the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2)
upper cervical region
93
- the upper cervical region forms a vertical leash of nerves around the
- a fibrous band that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx, and its functions are to fixate, stabilize, and buffer the distal spinal cord from normal and abnormal cephalic and caudal traction.
filum terminale
94
lower nerve roots of the upper cervical region
cauda equina
95
- after emerging from the intervertebral foramen, each spinal nerve immediately divides into a large ___ and ___
- each containing both motor and sensory fibers
anterior ramus and posterior ramus
96
passes posteriorly around the vertebral column to supply the muscles and skin of the back
posterior ramus
97
continues anteriorly to supply the muscles and skin over the anterolateral body wall and all the muscles and skin of the limbs
anterior ramus
98
join one another at the root of the libs to form complicated nerve plexuses
anterior rami
99
found at the root of the upper limbs
cervical and brachial plexuses
100
found at the root of the lower limbs
lumbar and sacral plexuses
101
divided into sensory ganglia of spinal nerves (posterior root ganglia) and cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia
ganglia
102
- fusiform (spindled-shaped) swellings on the posterior root of each spinal nerve just proximal to the root's junction with a corresponding anterior root
- referred as posterior root ganglia
sensory ganglia
103
ganglia found along the course of cranial nerves5,6,8,9, & 10
sensory ganglia
104
- irregular in shape, situated along the course of efferent nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system
- found in the paravertebral sympathetic chains around the roots of the great visceral arteries in the abdomen and close to or embedded within the walls of various viscera
autonomic ganglia
105
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- inner most layer
- gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and liver
entoderm
106
NERVOUS SYSTEM
| - gives rise to the muscle, connective tissues and the vascular system
mesoderm
107
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- third and outermost layer
- formed of columnar epithelium, gives rise to the entire nervous system
ectoderm
108
NERVOUS SYSTEM
during the ___ week of development, the ectoderm on the dorsal surface of the embryo between the primitive knot and the buccopharyngeal membrane thickens to form ___
third ,neural plate
109
NERVOUS SYSTEM
| plate which is pear shaped and wider cranially, develops a longitudinal ___
neural groove
110
NERVOUS SYSTEM
| the groove now deepens so that it is bounded on either side by ___
neural folds
111
NERVOUS SYSTEM
| the neural folds fuse, converting the neural groove into a ___
neural tube
112
NERVOUS SYSTEM
| the cavity of the tube remains in communication with the amniotic cavity through the
anterior and posterior neuropores
113
TRUE OR FALSE
fusion starts at about the midpoint along the groove and extends cranially and caudally so that the cavity remains in communication with the amniotic cavity
true
114
Which closes first? the anterior neuropore pr posterior neuropore?
anterior, posterior closes 2 days after
115
how many days does the neural tube closes normally?
28 days
116
sunk beneath the surface ectoderm after neural tube closure
neural tube
117
- the ___ will differentiate into the cells of the posterior root ganglia, sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, autonomic ganglia, cells of the suprarenal medulla, and melanocytes
- give rise to mesenchymal cells in the head and neck
neural crest cells
118
the ___ at the cephalic end of the neural tube causes it to dilate and form three primary brain vesicles
proliferation of cells
119
the rest of the tube elongates and remains smaller in diameter; it will form the ___
spinal cord
120
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Primary Division of Forebrain vesicle
prosencephalon (forebrain)
121
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Primary Division of Midbrain vesicle
mesencephalon (midbrain)
122
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Primary Division of hindbrain vesicle
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
123
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Subdivision of Forebrain vesicle
telencephalon & diencephalon
124
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Subdivision of midbrain vesicle
mesencephalon
125
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Subdivision of hindbrain vesicle
metencephalon & myelencephalon
126
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Adult Structures of forebrain vesicle (telencephalon)
cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus
127
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Adult structures of forebrain vesicle (diencephalon)
thalamus, hypothamus, pineal body, infundibulum
128
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Adult structures of midbrain vesicle
tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri
129
Primary Division of the Developing Brain
| - Adult structures of hindbrain vesicle
pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
130
excessive numbers of neurons and neuroglial cells develop, and many will be programmed to die by a process known as
programmed cell death
131
promote the development and survival of neurons
identification of neurotrophic factors
132
TRUE OR FALSE
the spinal cord is longer than the vertebral column, the spinal cord segments do not correspond numerically with the vertebrae that lie at the same level
false, shorter
133
the degree of spinal cord injury at different vertebral levels is determined largely by
anatominal factors
134
Spinal cord injury
| in the ___, dislocation or fracture dislocation is common
cervical region (neck area)
135
Spinal cord injury
- ceases if the cord is completely severed above the segmental origin of the phrenic nerves (c3-c5)
- intercostal muscles (muscles between your ribs) and the diaphragm are paralyzed resulting in death,
respiration
136
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: cervical vertebrae
Spinal segment: ?
add 1
137
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: upper thoracic vertebrae
Spinal segment: ?
add 2
138
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: lower thoracic vertebrae (7-9)
Spinal segment: ?
add 3
139
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: 10th thoracic vertebra
Spinal segment: ?
L1-L2 cord segments
140
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: 11th thoracic vertebra
Spinal segment: ?
L3-L4 cord segments
141
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: 12th thoracic vertebra
Spinal segment: ?
L5 cord segment
142
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: 1st lumbar vertebra
Spinal segment: ?
sacral and coccygeal cord segments
143
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: add 1
cervical vertebrae
144
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: add 2
upper thoracic vertebrae
145
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: add 3
lower thoracic vertebrae (7-9)
146
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: L1-L2 cord segments
10th thoracic vertebra
147
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: L3-L4 cord segments
11th thoracic vertebra
148
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: L5 cord segments
12th thoracic vertebra
149
Relationship of spinal cord segments to vertebral numbers
Vertebrae: ?
Spinal segment: sacral and coccygeal cord segments
1st lumbar vertebra
150
Spinal cord injury
- spinal cord in the adult extends down only as far as the level of the lower border of the 1st lumbar vertebra
- the large size of the vertebral foramen in this region gives the roots of the cauda equina ample room
fracture dislocations of the lumbar region
151
Spinal cord injury
-partial or complete loss of function at the ___ and partial or complete loss of function of afferent and efferent nerve tracts ___
level of the lesion, below the level of the lesion
152
Spinal nerve injurues
| - transmit the spinal nerves and the small segmental arteries and veins, all of which are embedded in areolar tissue
intervertebral foramina
153
Spinal nerve injurues
- less comon
- 5th. 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrae
cervical disc herniations
154
Spinal nerve injurues
- pain if felt near the lower part of the back of the neck and shoulder and along the area in the distribution of the spinal nerve involved
cervical disc herniations
155
Spinal nerve injurues
- more common
- discs usually affected are those between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the sacrum
lumbar disc herniations
156
Spinal nerve injurues
| - the roots of the cauda equina run posteriorly over a number of intervertebral discs
lumbar region
157
Spinal nerve injurues
| - press on one or two roots and commonly involves the nerve root going to the intervertebral foramen just below
lateral herniation
158
Spinal nerve injurues
| - pain is referred down the leg and foot in the distribution of the affected nerve
lumbar disc herniations
159
Spinal nerve injurues
| - pain is usally felt down the back and lateral side of the leg, radiating to the sole of the foot, a condition known as
sciatica
160
Spinal nerve injurues
| - causes muscle weakness
pressure on the anterior motor roots
161
performed to withdraw a sample of CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) for microscopic or bacteriologic examination or to inject drugs to combat infection or induce anesthesia
spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
162
Spinal Tap
- the lower part of the vertebral canal is thus occupied by the
- interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
subarachnoid space
163
Spinal Tap
| - contains the lumbar and sacral nerve roots and the filum terminale
subarachnoid space
164
TRUE OR FALSE
| a neddle inserted into the subarachnoid space in this region usually pushes the nerve roots to one side causing damage
False, without causing damage
165
Spinal Tap
- the needle will pass through the following anatomical structures before it enters the subarachnoid space: a,b,c,d,e,f,g, h
```
a - skin
b- superficial fascia
c - supraspinous ligament
d- interspinous ligament
e - ligamentum flavum
f - areolar tissue containing the internal vertebral venous plexus
g - dura matter
h - arachnoid matter
```
166
Spinal Tap
- measured by attaching a manometer to the needle
- normal pressure is about 60 to 150 mm of water
CSF pressure
167
Spinal Tap
| - the pressure shows oscillations corresponding to the movements of respiration and the arterial pulse
CSF pressure
168
Caudal Anesthesia
| - anesthetic solutions may be injected into the ___ through the sacral hiatus
sacral canal
169
- obstetricians use this method of nerve block to relieve the pains of the first and second stages of labor because anesthetic administered by this method does not affect the infant
- used in operations in the sacral region, including anorectal surgery
caudal anesthesia
170
Skull fractures
| - in the ___ fractures of the skull are common, but they are less common in the young child
adult
171
Skull fractures
| - the skull bones are more resilient, and they are separated by fibrous sutural ligaments
infants
172
Skull fractures
| - sutural ligaments begin to ossify (harden) during ___
middle age
173
Skull fractures
- resembles an eggshell, with limited resilience
- a severe localized blow will cause a local indentation, commonly with bone splintering
adult skull
174
Skull fractures
- resembles a ping-pong ball
- a localized blow produces a depression without splintering
young child's skull
175
caused by displacement and distortion of the neural tissues at the moment of impact
brain injuries
176
brain injuries
- ___ lead to displacement of the brain
- cause severe cerebral damage, stretching and distortion of the brainstem, and stretching and even tearing of brain commissures
blows on the front or back of the head
177
brain injuries
| - cause less cerebral displacement, and the injuries to the brain consequently tend to be less severe
blows to the side of the head
178
brain injuries
- tough structure and may cause considerable damage to the softer brain tissue in cases of a severe blow to the side of the head
falx cerebri
179
brain injuries
| - the brain is forcibly thrown against the sharp edges of bone within the skull
brain lacerations
180
brain injuries
- result in damage to the brain at two sites: at the point of impact and at the pole of the brain opposite the point of impact, where the brain is thrown against the skull wall
contercoup injury
181
Intracranial Hemorrhage
- injuries to the meningeal arteries or veins
- minor blow to the side of the head, resulting in fracture of the skull in the region of the anterior-inferior portion of the parietal bone
epidural hemorrhage
182
Intracranial Hemorrhage
- bleeding occurs and strips the meningeal layer of dura from the internal surface of the skull
- intercranial pressure (ICP) rises, and the enlarging blood clot exerts local pressure on the underlying precentral motor (motor area)
arterial or venous injury
183
Intracranial Hemorrhage
| - to stop the hemorrhage, the torn artery must be ___ or ___
ligated or plugged
184
Intracranial Hemorrhage
- tearing of the superior cerebral veins where they enter the superior sagittal sinus
- blow to the front or back of the head resulting in excessive anterposterior displacement of the brain within the skull
subdural hemorrhage
185
Intracranial Hemorrhage
| - caused by a sudden minor blow
meningeal hemorrhage
186
Intracranial Hemorrhage
| - nontraumatic leakage or rupture of a cogenital aneurysm on the cerebral arterial circle
subarachnoid hemorrhage
187
Intracranial Hemorrhage
| - most common in patients with hypertension (high blood pressure)
cerebral hemorrhage, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
188
Intracranial Hemorrhage
| - a branch of the middle artery
lenticulostriate artery
189
the most common cause of traumatic injury death in infancy
inflicted head injury
190
- most cases takes place during the first year of life
| - usually restricted to infants under 3 years of age
shaken baby syndrome
191
- the fontanelles (soft spots on an infant's head where the bony plates that make up the skull have not yet come together) are bulging
- child may have retinal hemorrhages
shaken baby syndrome
192
- include tumor, hematoma, abscess
| - these lesions will add to the normal bulk of the intracranial contents
space occupying or expanding lesions
193
- first accommodated by the expulsion of CSF from the cranial cavity
expanding lesion
194
- used for the detection of intracranial lesions
| - quick, safe, accurate
CT (computed tomography)
195
- structures are distinguished from one another by their ability to absorb energy from x-rays
Computed tomography
196
- uses the magnetic properties of the hydrogen nucleus excited by radio frequency radiation transmitted by a coil surrounding the head
- best imaging method for detecting low-contrast lesions such as brain tumors or small multiple sclerosis plaques
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
197
- used radioactive isotopes that decay with the emission of positively charged electrons to map the biochemical. physiologic, and pharmacologic processes taking place in the brain
- successfully used in evaluation of patients with brain tumors, movement, disorders, seizures, and schizophrenia
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
198
comprises the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
nervous system
199
consists of the brain and the spinal cord, both of which are surrounded by the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid
central nervous system
200
consists of all other nerves in the body
peripheral nervous sytem
201
concerned with involuntary structures and distributed throughout both CNS and PNS
autonomic nervous system
202
3 major divisions of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
203
subdivided into the medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum
hindbrain
204
subdivided into the diencephalon and cerebrum
forebrain
205
largest component of the brain and consists of two hemispheres, covered by cerebral cortex, which is made up of a series of folds and fissures called gyri and sulci
cerebrum
206
cylindrical structure continuous with the medulla oblongata of the brainstem
spinal cord
207
TRUE OR FALSE
| 27 pairs of spinal nerves are attached
false, 31
208
connect the spinal nerve to the spinal cord
motor and sensory roots
209
divide into anterior and posterior rami, both containing motor and sensory fibers
spinal nerves
210
distributed to the muscles and skin of the back
posterior rami
211
supply the muscles and skin of the limbs and the anterolateral body wall
anterior rami
212
collections of neuronal cell bodies that result in fusiform (spindle-shaped) swellings within the dorsal roots, or as irregular swellings within the ANS
ganglia
213
during development, the embryo differentiates into three layers:
entoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
214
gives rise of the entire nervous system, initially forming the neural plate, then neural folds, and subsequently fusing into the neural tube
ectoderm
215
contains neural crest cells which differentiate into ganglion cells, schwann cells, melanocytes, and cells of the suprarenal medulla
leading edge of the neural folds
216
Spinal cord
| - the neural tube is seen to dilate at the cephalic end into the:
forebrain vesicle, midbrain vesicle and hindbrain vesicle
217
Spinal cord
| - the rest of the tube elongates and remains smaller in diameter, it will form the
spinal cord
218
Spinal cord
| - the wall of the neural tube consists of a single layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells, called
matrix cells
219
Spinal cord
| - this thick zone of epithelium, which extends from the cavity of the tube to the exterior is referred to as
ventricular zone
220
TRUE OR FALSE
| repeated division of the matrix cells results in an decrease in length and diameter of the neural tube
false, increased
221
Spinal cord
| - incapable of further division
neuroblasts
222
Spinal cord
| - these cells migrate peripherally to form the
intermediate zone
223
Spinal cord
| - the intermediate zone will form the ___ of the spinal cord
gray matter
224
Spinal cord
| - neuroblasts give rise to nerve fibers that grow peripherally and form a layer external to the intermediate zone called
marginal zone
225
Spinal cord
| - nerve fibers in the marginal zone become myelinated and form
white matter
226
Spinal cord
| - matrix cells give rise to the ___ and the ___ of the neuroglia
astrocytes and oligodenrocytes
227
Spinal cord
| - dervied from the surrounding mesenchyme, migrate into the developing spinal cord along with blood vessels
microglial cells
228
Spinal cord
| - formed from the matrix cells that line the neural tube
ependymal cells
229
Spinal cord
| - intermediate zone of the lateral wall of the tube forms a large anterior thickening known as
basal plate
230
Spinal cord
| -posterior thickening
alar plate
231
Spinal cord
| - the neuroblasts in the basal plate will form the ___ of the anterior column (horn)
motor cells
232
Spinal cord
| - neuroblasts in the alar plate will become ___ of the posterior column
sensory cells
233
Spinal cord
| - the motor basal plate and the sensory alar plate are separated on each side by the
sulcus limitans
234
Spinal cord
| - continued growth of the basal plates on each side of the midline forms a deep longitudinal groove called
anterior median fissure
235
Spinal cord
| - walls of the posterior portion of the tube fuse forming the
posterior median septum
236
Spinal cord
| - the lumen of the neural tube becomes the
central canal
237
Spinal cord
| - gives rise to axons that will leave the anterior surface of the spinal cord as autonomic preganglionic fibers
lateral group of neurons
238
Spinal cord
| - lateral group of neurons will form the ___, that is, the ___
lateral gray column (horn), sympathetic outflow
239
Spinal cord
| - axons leaving the anterior surface of the spinal cord will form the
anterior roots of the spinal nerves
240
Spinal cord
| - each neuroblast develops two processes:
peripheral process & central process
241
Spinal cord
| - grow out laterally to become typical axons of sensory nerve fibers
peripheral process
242
Spinal cord
- also axons, grow into the posterior part of the developing spinal cord and either end in the posterior gray column or ascend through the marginal zone to one of the higher brain centers
central process
243
Spinal cord
| - peripheral processes join the anterior root to form
spinal nerve
244
Spinal cord
- some of the neural crest cells form the:
- surround the unipolar nerve cell bodies in a ganglion
capsular or satellite cells
245
Spinal cord
| - formed of the unipolar neurons and the capsular cells
posterior root ganglion
246
Spinal cord
| - formed from the mesenchyme (sclerotome) that surrounds the neural tube
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
247
Spinal cord
| - develops as a cavity in the mesenchyme which becomes filled with CFS
subarachnoid space
248
Spinal cord
| - formed from areas of condensation of the mesenchyme
ligamentum denticulatum
249
TRUE OR FALSE
| during the first 2 months of intrauterine life, the spinal cord is the same length as the vertebral column
true
250
Spinal cord
- at birth, the ___ of the cord lies at the level of the third lumbar vertebra
- in adult, the lower end of the spinal cord lies at the level of the lower border of the body of the first lumbar vertebra
coccygeal end
251
Spinal cord
| - pia mater, extends down as a slender fibrous strand from the lower end of the cord to the coccyx and forms the
filum terminale
252
Spinal cord
- obliquely coursing anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves and the filum terminale, which now occupy the lower end of the vertebral canal, collectively form the
cauda equina
253
Spinal cord
| - the spinal cord becomes swollen in the cervical and lumbar regions to form the
cervical and lumbar enlargements
254
Brain
| - three primary vesicles
forebrain vesicle, midbrain vesicle, hindbrain vesicle
255
Brain
| - forebrain vesicle will become
prosencephalon
256
Brain
| - midbrain vesicle will become
mesencephalon
257
Brain
| - hindbrain vesicle will become
rhombencephalon
258
Brain
| - by the ___ week, the forebrain and hindbrain vesicles divide into two secondary vesciles
fifth
259
Brain
- secondary vesicle of the forebrain
- primitive cerebral hemisphere
telencephalon
260
Brain
- secondary vesicle of the forebrain
- develops optic vesicles
diencephalon
261
Brain
- secondary vesicle of hindbrain
- future pons and cerebellum
metencephalon
262
Brain
- secondary vesicle of hindbrain
- medulla oblongata
myelencephalon
263
Brain
| - cavity in each cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricle
264
Brain
| - cavity of the diencephalon
third ventricle
265
Brain
| - cavity of the midbrain vesicle becomes small and forms
cerebral aqueduct or aqueduct of sylvius
266
Brain
- cavity of the hindbrain vesicle forms the
- continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
fourth ventricle
267
Brain
| - lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the
interventricular foramina
268
Brain
- ___ in development, the embryo is a flat disc and neural tube is straight. later the head and tail fold, the neural tube becomes curved
early
269
Brain
| - anterior thickenings
basal plates
270
Brain
| - posterior thickenings
alar plates
271
Brain
| - what separated the basal and alar plates
sulcus limitans
272
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
Primary Vesicle: ?
Primary Division: prosencephalon
Subdivision: telecephalon & diencephalon
forebrain vesicle
273
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
Primary Vesicle: ?
Primary Division: mesencephalon
Subdivision: mesencephalon
midbrain vesicle
274
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
Primary Vesicle: ?
Primary Division: rhombencephalon
Subdivision: metencephalon & myelencephalon
hindbrain
275
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
Primary Vesicle: forebrain vesicle
Primary Division: ?
Subdivision: telecephalon & diencephalon
prosencephalon
276
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
Primary Vesicle: midbrain vesicle
Primary Division: ?
Subdivision: mesencephalon
mesencephalon
277
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
Primary Vesicle: hindbrain vesicle
Primary Division: ?
Subdivision: metencephalon & myelencephalon
rhombencephalon
278
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
| Adult Structure: cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, hippocampus
forebrain, prosencephalon, telencephalon
279
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
| Adult Structure: thalamus, hypothamalus, pineal body, infundibulum
forebrain, prosencephalon, diencephalon
280
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
| Adult Structure: tectum, tegmentum, crus cerebri
midbrain, mesencephalon, mesencephalon
281
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
| Adult Structure: pons, cerebellum
hindbrain, rhombencephalon, metencephalon
282
Primary Divisions of the Developing Brain
| Adult Structure: medulla oblongata
hindbrain, rhombencephalon, myelencephalon
283
Brain
| - descending axons from the neurons in the motor ares of the cerebral cortex produce swellings called
pyramind
284
Brain
- arises from the anterior part of the metencephalon
- receives a cellular contribution from the alar part of the myelencephalon
pons
285
Brain
| - formed from the posterior part of the alar plates of the metencephalon
cerebellum
286
Brain
- the alar plates bend medially to form
- as alar plates enlarge, the lips project caudally over the roof plate of the fourth ventricle and unite with each other in the midline to form the cerebellum
rhombic lips
287
Brain
| - at the 12th week, a small midline portion called
vermis
288
Brain
| - two lateral portions recognized at the 12th week of development
cerebellar hemisphere
289
Brain
- develops for the midbrain vesicle, the cavity of which becomes much reduced to form the cerebral aqueduct or aqeuduct of sylvius
midbrain
290
Brain
| - separates the alar plate from the basal plate on each side, as seen in the developing spinal cord
sulcus limitans
291
Brain
| - two alar plates and the original roof plate form
tectum
292
Brain
| - representing the four colliculi appear on the posterior surface of the midbrain
four swellings
293
Brain
| - associated with visual reflexes
superior colliculi
294
Brain
| - associated with auditory reflexes
inferior colliculi
295
Brain
| - develops from the forebrain vesicle
forebrain
296
Forebrain
| - at an early stage, a lateral diverticulum called ___ appears on each side of the forebrain
optic vesicle
297
Forebrain
| - the optic vesicle and stalk ultimately will form the ___ and ___
retina and optic nerve
298
Diencephalon Fate
- in some individuals, the two thalami may meet and fuse in the midline to form the ___ of gray matter that crosses the third ventricle
interthalamic connection
299
Brain
| - forms the anterior end of the third ventricle which is closed by the lamina terminalis
telencephalon
300
Brain
| - diverticulum on either side forms the
cerebral hemisphere
301
Brain
- arises at the beginning of the fifth week of development
- One half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions and also controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.
cerebral hemisphere
302
Brain
| - cerebral hemisphere grow and expand rapidly, first anteriorly to form the
frontal lobes
303
Brain
| - cerebral hemisphere grow and expand rapidly, then laterally and superiorly to form the
parietal lobes
304
Brain
| - cerebral hemisphere grow and expand rapidly, and finally posteriorly and inferiorly to produce the
occipital and temporal lobes
305
Brain
| - cover the midbrain and hindbrain
hemisphere
306
Brain
| - medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere remains thin and is formed by
ependymal cells
307
Brain
| - separated from the cerebellum by mesenchyme
occipital lobe
308
Brain
| - occipital lobe condenses to form
tentorium cerebelli
309
Brain
| - occipital lobe condenses to form
tentorium cerebelli
310
Brain
| - the thickening protrudes into the lateral ventricle and forms
hippocampus
311
Brain
| - the compact bundle of ascending and descending tracts is known as
internal capsule
312
Brain
| - consists of a few cortical projection fibers that pass lateral to the lentiform nucleus
external capsule
313
Brain
- cortex covering the lentiform nucleus remains as fixed area called
- a thin ribbon of gray matter tissue that lies just deep to the lateral brain surface, separating the temporal lobe from the inferior parietal cortex.
insula
314
Brain
- cephalic end of the neural tube, forms a bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres and enables nerve fibers to pass from one cerebral hemisphere to other
lamina terminalis
315
Brain
- first commissure to develop
- runs in the lamina terminalis
anterior commissure
316
Brain
- second commissure to develop
- connects the cortex of the hippocampus in each hemisphere
fornix
317
Brain
- connects the olfactory bulb and the temporal lobe of the cortex on one side with the same structures of the opposite hemisphere
anterior commissure
318
Brain
- largest and most important commissure
- third commissure to develop
corpus callosum
319
Brain
- its first fibers connect the frontal loves of both sides and later the parietal lobes
- as it increase in size because of increased numbers of fibers, it arches back over the roof of the developing third ventricle
corpus callosum
320
Brain
- remains of the lamina terminalis, which lie between the corpus callosum and formix, become stretched out to form a thin septum
septum pellucidum
321
Brain
- formed in the inferior part of the lamia terminalis
- contains fibers from the medial halves of the retinae
optic chiasma
322
Brain
| - formed and maintained by the oligodenrocytes of the neuroglia
myelins sheath
323
Brain
- ___ in the ___ begins first in the cervical region, and from here, the process extends caudally
- begins within the cord at about the fourth month, and the sensory fibers are affected first, the last affected are the descending motor fibers
myelination in the spinal cord
324
Brain
- process by which brain oligodendrocytes produce layers of myelin that wrap around the neuronal axons and act as a layer of insulation for the transmission of electric action potentials down the neuronal axon.
myelination
325
Brain
| - ___ in the ___ begins at about the sixth month of fetal life but is restricted to the fibers of the basal ganglia
myelination in the brain
326
TRUE OR FALSE
| at birth, the brain still is largely unmyelinated
TRUE
327
Cogentinal Anomalies
- the spines and arches of one or more adjacent vertebrae fail to develop
- occurs most frequently in the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions
spina bifida
328
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - result of failure of the mesenchyme
spina bifida
329
Cogentinal Anomalies
- the spines and arches of one or more vertebrae, usually in the lumbar region, are absent,
- the vertebral canal remains open posteriorly
spina bifida occulta
330
Cogentinal Anomalies
- spinal cord and nerve roots usually are normal
- defect is covered by the postvertebral muscles and cannot be seen from the surface
spina bifida occulta
331
Cogentinal Anomalies
- small tuft of hair or a fatty tumor may be present over the defect
- symptomless
spina bifida occulta
332
Cogentinal Anomalies
- meninges project through the defect in the vertebral arches, forming a cystic swelling beneath the skin and containing CSF which communicates with the subarachnoid space
- spinal cord and nerves usually are normal
meningocele
333
Cogentinal Anomalies
- spinal cord lies within the meningeal sac, which projects through the vertebral arch defect
- spinal cord or nerve roots are adherent to the inner wall of the sac
meningomyelocele
334
Cogentinal Anomalies
- neural tube fails to close in the region of the defect
- oval raw area is found on the surface
myelocele
335
Cogentinal Anomalies
- rare
- meningomyelocele is present
syringomyeolocele
336
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - central canal of the spinal cord at the level of the bony defect is grossly dilated
syringomyeolocele
337
Cogentinal Anomalies
- most common defect of the spine
- require no treatment
spina bifida occulta
338
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - the next most common defect in the spine
myelocele
339
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - should be removed surgically
meningcele & meningomyelocele
340
Cogentinal Anomalies
- abnormal increase in the volume of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull
- this condition may be associated with spina bifida and meningocele
hydrocephalus
341
Cogentinal Anomalies
- caused by stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct or by normal single channel being represented by many inadequate minute tubules
- overgrowth of neuroglia around the aqueduct
hydrocephalus
342
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - hydrocephalus with spina bifida
arnold chiari phenomanon
343
Cogentinal Anomalies
- inadequate development or failure of development of the interventricular foramen, or foramina of magendie and luschka
- may occur before birth and if it is advanced, it could obstruct labor
hydrocephalus
344
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - greater part of the brain and the vault of the skull are absent
anencephaly
345
Cogentinal Anomalies
- caused by the failure of the rostal end of the neural tube to develop
- cavity remains open
anomaly
346
Cogentinal Anomalies
- although eyes are present, the optic nerves are absent
- commonly involves the spinal cord, and neural tube remains open in the cervical region
anencephaly
347
Cogentinal Anomalies
- commonly diagnosed before birth
- most infants are stillborn or die shortly after birth
anencephaly
348
Cogentinal Anomalies
| - development and closure of the neural tube are normally completed within
28 days
349
Spinal cord
- in the early development, the neural tube dilates at the cephalic end to form the ___, ___, and ___. the rest of the tube elongates to form the ___
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain vesicle; spinal cord
350
Spinal cord
| - matrix cells in the epithelial walls of the neural tube are referred to as
ventricular zone
351
Spinal cord
| - formed and migrate to the intermediate zone to form the gray matter of the spinal cord
neuroblasts
352
Spinal cord
- the cells of the intermediate zone grow fibers that extend and form a layer external to the intermediate zone called ___
- these fibers become myelinated and form the ___ of the spinal cord
marginal zone; white matter
353
Spinal cord
| - matrix cells will also give rise to ___ and ___
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
354
Spinal cord
| - migrate in from the mesenchyme
microglial cells
355
Spinal cord
| - formed from the mesenchyme that surrounds the neural tube
layers of the meninges
356
Brain
| - once the neural tube closes
three primary vesicles complete development
357
Brain
- forebrain vesicle forms
- matures into the cerebral hemisphere, basal ganglia, and hippocampus
telencephalon
358
Brain
| - becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, and infundibulum
diencephalon
359
Brain
| - forms the tectum, tegmentum, and crus cerebri components of the midbrain
midbrain vesicle
360
Brain
- forms the metencephalon which includes the pons and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon, which includes the medulla oblongata
hindbrain vesicle
361
Anatomical References
| - pointing towards the rat's nose
anterior
362
Anatomical References
| - direction pointing toward the rat's tail
posterior
363
Anatomical References
| - direction pointing up
dorsal
364
Anatomical References
| - direction pointing down
ventral
365
Anatomical References
| - the right side of the brain and spinal cord is the mirror image of the left side, this is known as
bilateral symmetry
366
Anatomical References
| - invisible line running down the middle of the nervous system
midline
367
Anatomical References
| - structures closer the the midline
medial
368
Anatomical References
| - structures farther away from the midline
lateral
369
Anatomical References
| - two structures that are on the same side are said to be ___ to each other
ipsilateral
370
Anatomical References
| - structures are on opposite sides of the midline
contralateral
371
Anatomical References
| - plane of the section resulting from splitting the brain into equal right and left halves
midsagittal plane
372
Anatomical References
| - sections parallel to the midsagittal plane
sagittal plane
373
Anatomical References
| - parallel to the ground
horizontal plane
374
Anatomical References
- perpendicular to the ground and to the sagittal plane
- splits the brain into anterior and posterior parts
coronal plane
375
Central Nervous System
| - largest part of the brain
cerebrum
376
Central Nervous System
| - split down the middle into two cerebral hemispheres, separated by the deep ___
sagittal fissure
377
Central Nervous System
| - ___ receives sensation from, and controls movement of the left side of the body and vice versa
right ceberal hemisphere
378
Central Nervous System
- lying behind the cerebrum
- contains as many neurons as both cerebral hemispheres combined
cerebellum
379
Central Nervous System
| - a movement control center that has extensive connections with the cerebrum and the spinal cord
cerebellum
380
Central Nervous System
| - concerned with movements of the left side of the body and vice versa
left side of the cerebellum
381
Central Nervous System
- forms the stalk from which the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum sprout
- complex nexus of fibers and cells that in part serves to relay information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum and vice versa
brain stem
382
Central Nervous System
- vital functions are regulated, such as breathing, consciousness, and the control of body temperature
- most important to life and damage is usally fatal
brain stem
383
Central Nervous System
- encased in the bony vertebral column and is attched to the brain stem
- major conduit of information from skin, joints, and muscles of the body to the brain and vice versa
spinal cord
384
Central Nervous System
| - does not mean the muscles cannot function, but they cannot be controlled by the brain
paralysis
385
Central Nervous System
- spinal cord communicates with the body via ___
- part of the peripheral nervous system
spinal nerves
386
Central Nervous System
| - exit the spinal cord through notches between each vertebra of the vertebral column
spinal nerves
387
Central Nervous System
| - each spinal nerve attaches to the spinal cord by means of two branches: ___ and ___
dorsal root and ventral root
388
Central Nervous System
| - contains axons bringing information into the spinal cord
dorsal root
389
Central Nervous System
| - contains axons carrying information away from the spinal cord
ventral root
390
Central Nervous System
- all spinal nerves that innervate the skin, joints, and muscles that are under voluntary control
- innervate and collect information from the skin, muscles, and joints, enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots
somatic PNS
391
Central Nervous System
| - consist of the neurons that innervate the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands
autonomic nervous system
392
Central Nervous System
- bring information about visceral function to the CNS, such as the pressure and oxygen content of the blood in the arteries
visceral sensory axons
393
Central Nervous System
- command the contraction and relaxation of muscles that form the walls of the intestines and the blood vessels, the rate of cardiac muscle contraction, and secretory function of various glands
visceral motor fibers
394
Central Nervous System
- carry to
- the somatic or visceral sensory axons bringing information into the CNS
afferent
395
Central Nervous System
- carry from
- axons that emerge from the CNS to innervate the muscles and glands
efferent
396
Central Nervous System
- each has a name and a number associated with it
- contain a complex mixture of axons that perform different functions
12 pairs of cranial nerves
397
Central Nervous System
- the CNS, skull and vertebral column, does not come in direct contact with the overlying bone. it is protected by three membranes collectively called
- greek for "covering"
meninges
398
Central Nervous System
| - three membranes the covers are
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
399
Central Nervous System
- "hard mother"
- leather-like consistency
dura mater
400
Central Nervous System
| - forms a tough, inelastic bag that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
401
Central Nervous System
- "spider"
- appearance and consistency resembling a spider web
arachnoid membrane
402
Central Nervous System
- no space between the dura and the arachnoid, if the blood vessels passing through the dura are ruptured, blood can collect here and form
- disorder is treated by drilling a hole in the skull and draining the blood
subdural hematoma
403
Central Nervous System
- "gentle mother"
- thin membrane that adheres closely to the surface of the brain
pia mater
404
Central Nervous System
| - run many blood vessels that utimately dive into the substance of the underlying brain
pia mater
405
Central Nervous System
| - pia is separated from the arachnoid by a fluid-filled space called
subarachnoid space
406
Central Nervous System
- the subarachnoid space is filled with salty clear liquid called
- brain floats inside the head in this thin layer
cerebrospinal fluid
407
Central Nervous System
| - fluid-filled caverns and canals inside the brain constitute the
ventricular system
408
Central Nervous System
| - CSF is produced by a special tissue called
choroid plexus
409
Central Nervous System
- CSF is absorbed by the blood vessels at special structures called
- if the normal flow of CSF is disrupted, brain damage can result
arachnoid villi
410
Central Nervous System
- if the flow of CSF from the choroid plexus through the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space is impaired, the fluid will back up and cause swelling of the ventricles
hydrocephalus
411
Central Nervous System
- allows visualization of deep structures without sectioning the brain
- soak the brain in a solution that replaces light-absorbing lipids with a water-soluble get that turns the brain transparent
clarity
412
Central Nervous System
- Godfrey Hounsfields and Allan Cormack
- generate and image of a slice of brain
computed tomography (CT)
413
Central Nervous System
| - who created comupted tomography
Godfrey Hounsfields and Allan Cormack
414
Central Nervous System
- noninvasively revealed, for the first time, the gross organization of gray and white matter, and the position of the ventricles, in the living brain
CT scans
415
Central Nervous System
- yields a much more detailed map of the brain
- does not require x-irradiation and images of brain slices can be made in any plane desired
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
416
Central Nervous System
- uses information about how hydrogen atoms in the brain respond to perturbations of a strong magnetic field
- used for determining the amount of certain atoms at different locations in the body
magnetic resonance imaging
417
Central Nervous System
| - enables visualization of large bundles of axons in the brain
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
418
Central Nervous System
| - the frequency at which the protons absorb energy
resonant frequency
419
Central Nervous System
- ___ and ___ observe and measure changes in brain activity associated with the planning and execution of specific tasks
- both methods detect changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain
positron emission tomography (PET) & functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
420
Central Nervous System
- developed in 1970s
- radioactive solution containing atoms that emit positrons (positively charged electrons) is introduced into the bloodstream
PET imaging
421
Central Nervous System
| - oxyhemoglobin has a magnetic resonance different from that of deoxyhemoglobin
fMRI method
422
Collections of Neurons
- generic term for a collection of neural cell bodies in the CNS
- when a freshly dissected brain is cut open, neurons appear gray
gray matter
423
Collections of Neurons
- any collection of neurons that form a thin sheet, usually at the brain's surface
- latin for bark
cortex
424
Collections of Neurons
- distinguishable mass of neurons, usually deep in the brain
- latin for nut
nucleus
425
Collections of Neurons
| - group of related neurons deep within the brain but usually with less distinct borders than those of nuclei
substantia
426
Collections of Neurons
| - small, well-defined group of cells
locus
427
Collections of Neurons
- collection of neurons in the PNS
- greek for knot
ganglion
428
Collections of Axons
- bundle of axons in the PNS
- only one collecton of CNS axons is called this which is the optic
nerve
429
Collections of Axons
- generic term for a collection of CNS axons
- when a freshly dissected brain is cut open, axons appear white
white matter
430
Collections of Axons
| - collection of CNS axons having a common site of origin and a common destination
tract
431
Collections of Axons
| - collection of axons that run together but do not necessarily have the same origin and destination
bundle
432
Collections of Axons
| - collection of axons that connect the cerebrum with the brain stem
capsule
433
Collections of Axons
| - collection of axons that connect one side of the brain with the other side
commmissure
434
Collections of Axons
| - tract that meanders through the brain like a ribbon
lemniscus
435
Central Nervous System
| - the embryo begins as a flat disk with three distinct layers of cells called
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
436
Central Nervous System
| - gives rise to the lining of many of the internal organs (viscera)
endoderm
437
Central Nervous System
| - the nervous system and the skin derive entirely from
ectoderm
438
Central Nervous System
| - part of the ectoderm that give rise to the nervous system
neural plate
439
Central Nervous System
| - formation of a groove in the neural plate that runs rostal to caudal
neural groove
440
Central Nervous System
| - walls of the groove are called
neural folds
441
Central Nervous System
| - neural folds move together and fuse dorsally, forming
neural tube
442
Central Nervous System
- as the neural folds come together, some neural ectoderm is pinched off and comes to lie just lateral to the neural tube. this tissue is called
- develops in close association with the underlying mesoderm
neural crest
443
TRUE OR FALSE
| the entire central nervous system develops from the walls of the neural crest
false, neural tube
444
TRUE OR FALSE
| all neurons with cell bodies in the PNS derive from the neural crest
true
445
Central Nervous System
- mesoderm forms prominent bulges on either side of the neural tube called
- 33 individual vertebrae of spinal column and the related skeletal muscles will develop
somites
446
Central Nervous System
| - nerves that innervate these skeletal muscles are called
somatic motor nerve
447
Central Nervous System
- neural plate becomes the neural tube called
- occurs very early in embryonic development
neurulation
448
Central Nervous System
- crucial event in the development of nervous system
- occurs early - only 3 weeks after conception
neural tube formation
449
Central Nervous System
| - many neural tube defects can be traced to a deficiency of
folic acid
450
Central Nervous System
| - structures become more complex and functionally specialized during development
differentiation
451
Central Nervous System
- rostal-most vesicle
- pro for before and encephalon for brain in greek
- forebrain
prosencephalon
452
TRUE OR FALSE
| the entire brain derives from the three primary vesicles of the neural tube
true
453
Central Nervous System
| - connects with the caudal neural tube, which gives rise to the spinal cord
rhombencephalon
454
Central Nervous System
- optic vesicles grow and invaginate to form the optic stalk and optic cups, which will ultimately become ___ and ___ in the adult
optic nerves and two retinas
455
Central Nervous System
- telecephalic vesicles together form the ___ or endbrain
- consisting of two cerebral hemispheres
telencephalon
456
Central Nervous System
| - fluid-filled spaces within the cerebral hemisphere
lateral ventricles
457
Central Nervous System
| - space at the center of the diencephalon
third ventricle
458
Central Nervous System
- nestled deep inside the forebrain
- inner chamber
thalamus
459
Central Nervous System
| - contains all axons that run to and from the neurons in cerebral cortex
white matter
460
Central Nervous System
- continuous with the cortical white matter and forms an axonal bridge that links cortical neurons of the two cerebral hemisphere
corpus callosum
461
Central Nervous System
| - links the cortex with the brain stem, particularly the thalamus
internal capsule
462
Central Nervous System
| - seat of perceptions, conscious awareness, cognition and voluntary action
forebrain
463
Central Nervous System
- most important structure in the forebrain
- the brain structure that has expanded the most over the course of human evolution
cerebral cortex
464
Central Nervous System
| - information from the eyes, ears, and skin is brought to the ___ for analysis
cerebral cortex
465
Central Nervous System
- referred to as the gateway to cerebral cortex
- each of sensory pathways serving vision, audition, and somatic sensation relays in the ___ en route to the cortex
thalamus
466
Central Nervous System
- send axons to the cortex via the internal capsule
- axons of each internal capsule carry information to the cortex about the contralateral side of the body
thalamic neurons
467
Central Nervous System
- send axons through the internal capsule, back to the brain stem
- important way cortex can comment voluntary movement
cortical neurons
468
Central Nervous System
- collection of cells in the basal telecephalon
- lie deep within the cerebrum
basal ganglia
469
Central Nervous System
| - involved in fear and emotion
amygdala
470
Central Nervous System
- controls the visceral (autonomic) nervous system, which regulates bodily functions in response to the needs of the organism
- orchestrates body's visceral flight-or-fight response
hypothalamus
471
Central Nervous System
| - dorsal surface of the mesencephalic vesicle becomes a structure called
tectum
472
Central Nervous System
| - floor of the midbrain becomes the
tegmentum
473
Central Nervous System
| - CSF-filled space in between constricts into a narrow channel called
cerebral aqueduct
474
Central Nervous System
- serving as a conduit for information passing from the spinal cord to the forebrain and vice versa
- contains neurons that contribute to sensory systems, the control of movement, and several other functions
functions of the midbrain
475
Central Nervous System
| - receives direct input from the eye so it is also called optic tectum
superior colliculus
476
Central Nervous System
| - control eye movements, which it does via synaptic connections with the motor neurons that innervate the eye muscles
optic tectum
477
Central Nervous System
- receives sensory information but from the ear instead of the eye
- important relay station for auditory information en route to thalamus
inferior colliculus
478
Central Nervous System
| - most colorful regions of the brain because it contains both the substantia nigra (black substance) and red nucleus
tegmentum
479
Central Nervous System
| - the ___ and ___ develop from the rostal half of the hindbrain (metencephalon)
cerebellum and pons
480
Central Nervous System
| - develops from the caudal half (myelencephalon)
medulla
481
Central Nervous System
- CSF-filled tube becomes the ___
- continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of midbrain
fourth ventricle
482
Central Nervous System
- tissue along the dorsal-lateral wall of tube
- grows dorsally and medially until it fuses with its twin on the other side
rhombic lip
483
Central Nervous System
| - ventral wall of the tube differentiates and swells to form the
pons
484
Central Nervous System
- important conduit for information passing from the forebrain to spinal cord and vice versa
- contribute to the processing of sensory information, control of voluntary movement and regulation of the autonomic nervous system
hindbrain
485
Central Nervous System
- little brain
- important movement control of center
cerebellum
486
Central Nervous System
- receives massive axonal inputs from the spinal cord and pons
- compares these types of information and calculates the sequence of muscle contractions that are required to achieve movement goals
cerebellum
487
Central Nervous System
| - damage to this results in uncoordinated and inaccurate movements
cerebellum
488
Central Nervous System
| - latin word for bridge
pons
489
Central Nervous System
| - crossing of axons from one side to the other is knowns as
decussation
490
Central Nervous System
- crossing of axons in the medulla explains why the cortex of one side of the brain controls movements on the opposite side of the body
pyramidal decussation
491
Central Nervous System
| - contains neurons that perform many different sensory and motor functions
medulla
492
Central Nervous System
| - damage to cochlear nuclei leads to
deafness
493
Central Nervous System
| - upper part of the butterfly's wing is the
dorsal horn
494
Central Nervous System
| - lower part of the butterfly's wings
ventral horn
495
Central Nervous System
| - gray matter between the dorsal and ventral horns
intermediate zone
496
Central Nervous System
| - bundles of axons running along the dorsal surface of the cord
dorsal columns
497
Central Nervous System
- bundles of axons lateral to the spinal gray matter on each side
- contains the axons of the descending corticospinal tract which also cross from one side to other in medulla
lateral columns
498
Central Nervous System
| - bundles on the ventral surface
ventral columns
499
Central Nervous System
| - contains axons that carry somatic sensory information up the spinal cord toward the brain
large dorsal column
500
Central Nervous System
| - reveals the paired hemispheres of telencephalon
dorsal view
501
Central Nervous System
| - shows the telencephalon extending rostrally from the diencephalon
midsagittal view
502
Central Nervous System
| - grooves in the surface of the cerebrum
sulci
503
Central Nervous System
| - bumps of the surface of the cerebrum
gyri
504
Central Nervous System
| - thin sheet of neurons that lies under the surface of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
505
Central Nervous System
| - ___ and ___ result from the tremendous expansion of the surface area of the cerebral cortex during fetal development
sulci and gyri
506
Central Nervous System
| - without ___, a person would be blind, deaf, dumb and unable to initiate voluntary movement
cerebral cortex
507
Central Nervous System
| - the tip of the horn lies right under the temporal bone of the skull, so this portion of the brain is called
temporal lobe
508
Central Nervous System
| - portion of the cerebrum lying just under the frontal bone of the forehead
frontal lobe
509
Central Nervous System
| - marks the posterior border of frontal lobe
central sulcus
510
Central Nervous System
| - caudal to the central sulcus lies the ___ under the parietal bone
parietal lobe
511
Central Nervous System
| - at the back of the cerebrum under the occipital bone lies the
occipital lobe
512
Central Nervous System
- has only single cell layer
- greek for seahorse
- major role in learning and memory
hippocampus
513
Central Nervous System
| - connected to the hippocampus ventrally and laterally is another type of cortex that has only two cell layers
olfactory cortex
514
Central Nervous System
| - olfactory complex is separated by sulcus called
rhinal fissure
515
Central Nervous System
- remaining cortex of the olfactory complex
- found only in mammals
neocortex
516
Central Nervous System
- german neuroanatomist, Korbinian brodmann
- each area of cortex having a common cytoarchitecture is given a number
cytoarchitectural map
517
Central Nervous System
| - cortical areas that look different perform different functions
cytoarchitectural map
518
Central Nervous System
- first type of neocortex
- first to receive signals from the ascending sensory pathways
primary sensory areas
519
Central Nervous System
- second type of neocortex
- designated because of their heavy interconnections with the primary sensory areas
secondary sensory areas
520
Central Nervous System
- third type of cortex
- intimately involved with the control of voluntary movement
motor areas
521
Central Nervous System
| - more recent evolutionary development, a noteworthy characteristic of the primate brain
association cortex
👩🏻🔬 Neuroscience
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