Introduction

Question 1

where electrons can be found

Answer 1

orbitals

Question 2

types of orbitals

Answer 2

1. sharp
2. principle
3. diffuse
4. fundamental

Question 3

s orbital

Answer 3

2e

Question 4

p orbital

Answer 4

6e

Question 5

d orbital

Answer 5

10e

Question 6

f orbital

Answer 6

14e

Question 7

• said that carbon is “tetravalent”
• visualized the ring structure of benzene

Answer 7

August Kekulé

Question 7

two division of organic molecules

Answer 7

1. hydrocarbons
2. with heteroatoms

Question 7

hydrocarbons division

Answer 7

1. aliphatics (alkane, aleken, alkyne, and their cyclic analogs)
2. aromatics (benzene)

Question 8

formula for reactions

Answer 8

substrate + reagent –> (reaction condition) products

Question 9

reactants

Answer 9

substrate + reagent

Question 10

• substance which is reacted upon by the reagent
• contains carbon atoms

Answer 10

substrate

Question 11

• an organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to generate a bigger one (the adduct)
• double bonds becomes single bonds

Answer 11

addition reaction

Question 12

• type of chemical reaction where several atoms either in pairs or groups are removed from a molecule
• single bonds become double bonds

Answer 12

elimination reaction

Question 13

• reaction in which the functional group of one chemical compound is substituted by another group
• reaction which involves the replacement of one atom or a molecule of a compound with another atom or molecule.

Answer 13

substitution reaction

Question 14

• an atom or bond moves or migrates, having been initially located at one site in a reactant molecule and ultimately located at a different site in a product molecule

Answer 14

rearrangement reaction

Question 15

• occurs when the oxidation number of an atom becomes larger
• deduction of hydrogen, addition of oxygen

Answer 15

oxidation reaction

Question 16

• occurs when the oxidation number of an atom becomes smaller
• deduction of oxygen, addition of hydrogen

Answer 16

reduction reaction

Question 17

fermentation

Answer 17

C6H1206 –> 2C2H6OH + 2CO2

Question 18

• Bond breaking in which the bonding electron pair is split evenly between the products
• often produces radicals

Answer 18

Homolytic bond cleavage

Question 19

• chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair
• loves nucleus (positive)

Answer 19

nucleophile

Question 20

• an atom or a molecule that in chemical reaction seeks an atom or molecule containing an electron pair available for bonding
• Lewis acids (compounds that accept electron pairs)
• Brønsted acids (compounds that donate protons)

Answer 20

electrophile

Question 21

compounds that accept electron pairs

Answer 21

Lewis acids

Question 22

compounds that donate protons

Answer 22

Brønsted acid

Question 23

an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron

Answer 23

radical

Question 24

can form carbon radicals

Answer 24

homolytic bond cleavage

Question 25

can form carbanians and carbocations

Answer 25

heterolytic bond cleavage

Question 26

theory that states that the organic compounds must have their origin in living organisms and it is impossible to synthesize them in the laboratories from the inorganic compounds

Answer 26

Vital force theory

Question 27

first to synthesize an organic compound from an inorganic substance

Answer 27

Friedrich Wöhler

Question 28

Classification of organic molecules

Answer 28

1. Hydrocarbons 2. With heteroatoms

Question 29

Hydrocarbons classification

Answer 29

1. Aliphatics 2. Aromatics

Question 30

Aliphatics

Answer 30

- alkanes - alkenes - alkynes - cyclic structures

Question 31

Aromatics

Answer 31

benzene

Question 32

With heteroatoms classification

Answer 32

with 1. oxygen 2. sulfur 3. halogens 4. nitrogen

Question 33

with oxygen

Answer 33

- alcohols - ethers - aldehydes - ketone - esters - carboxylic acids

Question 34

with sulfur

Answer 34

- thiols - sulfides

Question 35

with halogens

Answer 35

- acid chloride - organic halides

Question 36

with nitrogen

Answer 36

- amides - amines - amino acids