Introduction

Question 1

2 types of fluid loss

Answer 1

INSENSIBLE - from skin & lungs

SENSIBLE - thru elimination, urination, defecation

Question 2

Functions of Kidney

Answer 2

1. Controls BP
2. Controls water balance
3. Regulate electrolytes
4. Regulate acid-base balance
5. Regulate RBC production
6. Excretion of waste products
7. Renal clearance
8. Secretion of prostaglandins
9. Synthesis of vit. D to active form
10. Urine formation

Question 3

It is the fluid surrounding an organ

Answer 3

TRANSCELLULAR FLUID

ex. CSF, pericardial, synovial, intraocular, pleural

Question 3

What are the 2 fluid compartments? Describe.

Answer 3

Intracellular fluid (within cell) - 2/3 of body fluids

Extracellular fluid (outside the cell) - 1/3 of body fluid, transports electrolytes, carries substances

Question 3

Function of body fluids

Answer 3

1. Maintain blood volume
2. Regulate body temp
3. Transport material to & from cellular metabolism
4. Assist w/ food digestion
5. Medium for excreting waste

Question 3

Where is ICF primarily located

Answer 3

SKELETAL MUSCLE MASS

Question 3

Primary solutes found in the ICF

Answer 3

1. Glucose
2. Electrolytes
3. Oxygen

Question 4

How many percent does of fluid compromises the typical adult weight

Answer 4

60%

Question 4

Components of ECF

Answer 4

1. Intravascular (in blood vessels) - plasma
2. Interstitial (bet. cells/surrounding cells)
3. Transcellular (fluid in organs)

Question 4

ECF & ICF contains:

Answer 4

1. O2 from the lungs
2. Dissolved nutrients from gut
3. CO2
4. Ions

Question 4

What are the factors that influence the amount of body fluids

Answer 4

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Fat

Question 5

Fluid found in the blood vessels

Answer 5

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID

Question 5

Fluid found between the spaces of the cell / surrounding the cell

Answer 5

INTERSTITIAL FLUID

Question 5

It is the measurement of BP in the right atrium & vena cava

Answer 5

CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE

Question 5

Other signs and symptoms of third-space fluid shift that indicate an intravascular fluid deficit (FVD)

Answer 5

1. Increased HR
2. Decreased BP
3. Decreased CVP
4. Edema
5. Increased body weight
6. Imbalances in fluid I&O

Question 5

It is the lost of fluid not contributing to ICF & ECF

Answer 5

THIRD-SPACE FLUID SHIFT

Question 5

Early s/s of of Third-Space Fluid Shift

Answer 5

Decreased urine output despite adequate fluid intake

Question 5

These parts of the body contains high amounts of water

Answer 5

1. Muscle
2. Skin
3. Blood

Question 5

Causes of Third-Spacing

Answer 5

1. Intestinal obstruction
2. Pancreatitis
3. Crushing-traumatic injuries
4. Bleeding
5. Peritonitis
6. Major venous obstruction

Question 5

What do you call the positively and negatively charged ions?

Answer 5

Cation (+)
Anion (-)

Question 5

Power of a solution to draw H2O across a semipermeable membrane

Answer 5

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Question 6

Concentration of solutes in body fluid

Answer 6

OSMOLARITY

Question 6

Osmolarity of a solution

Answer 6

TONICITY

Question 6

Movement of solutes from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

Answer 6

DIFFUSION

Question 6

Movement of fluids from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration

Answer 6

OSMOSIS

Question 6

Fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from one compartment to another

Answer 6

FILTRATION

Question 7

Movement of solutes from low concentration to high. Uses energy. Ex. Na-K pump

Answer 7

ACTIVE TRANPSORT

Question 8

Solution with the same osmolarity with body fluids

Answer 8

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

Question 9

Solution with higher osmolarity than body fluids

Answer 9

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

Question 10

General rule of normal urine excretion per kg of body weight per hr

Answer 10

1 mL/kg/hr

Question 11

Solution with lower osmolarity than body fluids

Answer 11

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

Question 12

The best indicator of renal functioning

Answer 12

CREATININE (0.7-1.4 mg/dl)

Question 12

It is concerned with kidney's ability to excrete & conserve water

Answer 12

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY (1.005-1.030)

Question 13

It determines kidney functioning

Answer 13

BUN (10-20 mg/dl)

Question 14

It is to assess volume status for diagnosis of hyponatremia & acute renal failure

Answer 14

URINE SODIUM LEVEL (75-200 mEq/24h)

Question 15

It is the volume percentage of RBC in blood Conditions that increase and decrease this

Answer 15

HEMATOCRIT (M=42%-52%; F=35-47%) Increase = dehydration & polycythemia Decrease = overhydration & anemia

Question 16

It is secreted by the hypothalamus to control water excretion

Answer 16

ADH

Question 17

ADH is secreted by the _____

Answer 17

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 18

It is secreted by the adrenal gland which is a powerful volume regulator

Answer 18

ALDOSTERONE

Question 19

This hormone regulates calcium & phosphate

Answer 19

PARATHORMONE (PTH)

Question 20

This detects decrease in blood pressure. Located in the left atrium, carotid arteries, aortic arteries

Answer 20

BARORECEPTORS

Question 21

Baroreceptors are located at ____

Answer 21

- Left atrium - Carotid arteries - Aortic arteries

Question 22

When or what circumstances is aldosterone released?

Answer 22

- Hyperkalemia - Hyponatremia - Increased ACTH

Question 23

Found in hypothalamus which detects changes in Na concentrations

Answer 23

OSMORECEPTORS

Question 24

An enzyme which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Answer 24

RENIN

Question 25

Renin is released by the ______

Answer 25

Kidney (juxtaglomerular cell)

Question 26

An enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 26

ACE

Question 27

Hormones that affect fluid volume & cardiovascular function through excretion of sodium Opposite of RAAS

Answer 27

Natriuretic peptides

Question 28

4 Natriuretic peptides

Answer 28

- Atrial - Brain - C-type - D-type