1
Q
bovine
A
cattle
2
Q
equine
A
horse
3
Q
ovine
A
sheep
4
Q
caprine
A
goat
5
Q
porcine
A
pig
6
Q
canine
A
dog
7
Q
feline
A
cat
8
Q
cattle gestation length
A
9 months
9
Q
horse gestation length
A
11 months
10
Q
sheep gestation length
A
5 months
11
Q
goat gestation length
A
5 months
12
Q
pig gestation length
A
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
13
Q
dog gestation length
A
2 months
14
Q
cat gestation length
A
2 months
15
Q
female cattle
A
cow, calves
16
Q
female horse
A
mare, foals
17
Q
female sheep
A
ewe, lambs
18
Q
female goat
A
doe, kids
19
Q
female pig
A
sow/gilt, farrows
20
Q
female dog
A
bitch, whelps
21
Q
female cat
A
queen, queens
22
Q
cow temperature range
A
101-102 F
23
Q
horse temperature range
A
99.5-100.5 F
24
Q
sheep temperature range
A
101.5-103.5 F
25
goat temperature range
101.5-103.5 F
26
pig temperature range
101.5-103.5 F
27
dog temperature range
100-102 F
28
cat temperature range
100-102 F
29
disease
alteration of the state of the body or some of its organs which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of its functions
30
two categories of disease
intrinsic and extrinsic
31
intrinsic
cause of disease is something that is part of the individual that results in disease
32
extrinsic
cause of disease comes from outside the body and invades; infectious agents or physical events
33
living agents
prion, virus, bacteria, protozoa, yeasts and molds, parasites
34
non-living agents
trauma, heat, cold, chemical poisoning, nutritional deficiency, metabolic diseases
35
infectious disease
a disease caused by the presence of foreign living organisms which cause a disturbance leading to the development of clinical signs or symptoms
36
contagious disease
an infectious disease which may spread by direct or indirect contact from animal to animal; all contagious diseases are infectious diseases, but not all infectious diseases are contagious
37
virulence
degree of the disease producing power
38
highly virulent
often causes severe illness or death; Ebola
39
slightly/moderately virulent
may cause illness to various degrees, unlikely to cause death; flu
40
non or avirulent
causes infections with no clinical signs or symptoms
41
etiology
specific cause of the disease
42
etiologic agent
causative agent
43
zoonosis
disease that animals can spread to humans
44
anorexia
lack of appetite; often associated with fever
45
symptoms
disease signs shown by humans
46
clinical signs
used when describing sickness of animals
47
autopsy
examination of the corpse of a human after death to determine cause of death
48
necropsy
examination of an animal carcass after death to determine cause of death
49
mortality
ratio of total number of deaths to the total population
50
morbidity
ratio of total number of ill to the total population
51
fever
body temperature above normal range
52
pyrexia
fever
53
inflammation
tissue response to injury which includes edema, redness, heat and pain
54
prophylaxsis
preventative measures employed to prevent disease
55
lesion
the abnormal (affected) area of a tissue
56
fomite
an object that serves as a conduit for transmission of an infectious agent among individuals
57
routes of infectious disease transmission
feco-oral, aerosol, oral, conjunctival, transplacenta, vector-borne, venereal
58
routes by which to give medication
oral, intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP), intradermal (ID)
59
less common routes of medication
aerosol, intraoccular, topical, sublingual, rectal, epidural, intramammary and transdermal
60
oral
PO: per os, through the mouth, slow absorption, must travel through the GI tract prior to entering the blood steam to reach target tissue
61
intravenous
IV, injected into the vein, fast blast of the drug but it is short acting
62
intramuscular
IM, injected into the muscle, absorbed into capillaries, then through the bloodstream to target tissue
63
intraperitoneal
IP, injected within the abdominal cavity, often in small rodents, next fastest absorption next to IV
64
intradermal
ID, injected into the skin, does not go as deep as a SC injection, slow absorption due to lots of connective tissue with few vessels, done often for allergen testing and TB testing
65
subcutaneous
SC, injected under the skin, absorbed into capillaries and then through the bloodstream to the target tissue
66
removal of toxins
liver, kidney, lungs, lymphatics
67
hygiene
cleanliness, the best type of prevention against many infections (especially feco-oral)
68
disinfection
reduce or eliminate pathogenic organisms from a specific area, generally regarded as being bacteriocidal or germicidal
69
steps in disinfection
1. removal or excess organic matter
2. scrubbing and cleaning with soap or detergent
3. rinsing with water
4. application of disinfectant
70
Chlorox
good, inexpensive broad spectrum disinfectant but will not work with any organic matter, must be diluted within two days prior to use and is corrosive
71
live vaccine
fully potent, live agent, can cause disease but usually gives strong, long lasting immunologic reaction
72
modified live vaccine
virulence decreased by multiple passage through different animal hosts or laboratory culture. still provokes strong immunologic response, but is less likely to cause disease in recipient compared to live vaccine
73
killed vaccines
dead agent which often provokes a weaker immune response that is shorter lived, but cannot cause disease in host
74
bacterin
bacteria killed then used as antigenic agent in a bacterial vaccine
75
toxoid
killed toxin injected as the vaccine, animal makes an antibody response to the toxin instead of to the bacteria itself (tetanus antitoxin)
76
subunit vaccine
made from highly immunogenic portion of organism, cannot cause disease
77
recombinant vaccine
made from immunogenic portion of the organism whose genetic code has been inserted into a laboratory vector such as E.coli and produced in the lab
78
DNA vaccine
DNA of a immunogenic portion of the agent used as the vaccinal antigen
79
common canine vaccines
DHLPP, rabies, sometimes kennel cough, corona virus, lyme disease, etc.
80
DHLPP
distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parainfluenza and parvovirus
81
common feline vaccines
FVRCPP, rabies, FeLV, FIP, etc
82
FVRCPP
feline viral rhinotracheitis, calici virus, panleukopenia, chlamydiosis
83
FeLV
feline leukemia virus
84
FIP
feline infectious peritonitis
85
Titer
Quantitative measurement of antibodies
86
Antibodies titer
Indicates exposure due to infection of vaccine, but doesn't mean the animal is currently infected
87
Antigen test
Tests the presence of antigens in the tissue at that moment of time, generally indicates active infection
88
Components of making a diagnosis
Signalment, history, physical exam, create a differential diagnosis
89
Signalment
Description of patient: species, breed, sex, age, weight, stage of lactation (if applicable)
90
Patient history
Previous vaccines, surgeries, or illness. Current illness clinical signs, time frame (acute or chronic onset?), others in herd affected?
91
Physical exam
Systematic examination from the nose to the tail plus an special exams suggested by clinical presentation or history
92
Create a differential diagnosis
Top 3 guesses for most likely etiology, more tests to confirm or deny
93
Methods of detecting antibody presence and amount
Agglutination tests, IFA test, Elisa test, immunoblot or western bolt
94
Agglutination tests
Killed antigen added to sample, if antibodies are present clumping will occur. Not very sensitive, easy, cheap, and fast. Often used as a screening test
95
IFA test
Immune fluorescent antibody test. Serially diluted serum added to coated wells, incubated and rinsed. Second antibody tagged with fluorescent dye. Fluorescent color indicates titer
96
Elisa test
Similar to IFA, uses enzymatic color markers instead of fluorescent, read automatically on plate reader. Faster procedure than IFA with less user variability
97
Immunoblot or western blot
More sensitive and specific than Elisa and IFA. Agent's proteins separated by electrophoresis, patient serum is added, antibodies to specific proteins will bind and show as bands after rinsed and color reagent is added
98
Antigen tests
Bacterial and viral cultures, direct staining, PCR
99
Bacterial and viral cultures
Very sensitive, antigen must be alive, correct media/tissue must be chosen, takes time, some bacteria cannot be cultured.
100
Direct staining
Includes immunostaining. Stain that will bind to a specific agent or cell infect with the agent is applied. Very specific but not very sensitive. Good for diseases with high infections like rabies
101
PCR
Testing for DNA or RNA of the agent. Very sensitive but less sensitive than cultures. Specificity varies based on primers used and collected the correct sample at the correct time. Uses a series of temperature changes.
PVS 2301
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