1
Q
define cytology
A
- the microscopic study and examination of cells and their structural characteristics
- primarily those exfoliated from tissues, lesions, and internal organs
2
Q
define histology
A
the study of the minute structure, composition, and function of tissues
3
Q
define histopathology
A
the study of diseased tissues
4
Q
define in situe
A
- in the body
5
Q
what are the 4 types of tissues examined in cytology?
A
- connective
- epithelial
- nervous
- muscle
6
Q
what is the purpose of cytology?
A
- identify the cell types present
- diagnostic treatment
7
Q
basic cytology sampling techniques
A
- swabbing
- scraping
- acetate tape test
- manual collection (semen, urine, feces)
- aspiration of solid/fluid masses (FNA)
- aspiration of fluid (bone marrow, spinal fluid, tracheal, bronchial, blood, centesis)
- imprints (biopsy)
8
Q
advantages of cytology:
A
- easy to collect
- fast collection
- minimal restraint
- inexpensive
- little risk to the patient
- results while you wait
- no special equipment
9
Q
disadvantages of cytology (7)
A
- quality control issues
- needs some technical experience
- A poor sample will give poor results
- staining techniques are variable
- secondary contamination
- may not get a representative sample
- formalin fumes can destroy the sample
10
Q
common cytological sample problems (3)
A
- too few cells
- blood contamination
- poor smear preparation
11
Q
define prokaryote
A
- a cell that lacks a true membrane bound nucleus and organelles
- all bacteria are prokaryotes
12
Q
define eukaryote
A
a cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and many membrane bound organelles
13
Q
what are the 3 major parts of a eukaryotic cells
A
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
14
Q
describe a cell membrane (4)
A
- separates the cell from its external environment
- consists of a double phospholipid layer with proteins interspersed, as well as carbohydrate chains and cholesterol
- semipermeable
- can have surface modifications (cilia, flagellum, microvilli)
15
Q
describe the fluid-mosaic model
A
describes the cell membrane as a flexible bilayer of phospholipids embedded with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
16
Q
describe cytoplasm
A
- encompasses everything within the cell except the nucleus
17
Q
describe ribosomes (3)
A
- float freely or are attached to to the endoplasmic reticulum
- composed of protein and RNA
- site of protein synthesis
18
Q
where in the cell is the site of protein synthesis?
A
ribosomes
19
Q
describe the mitochondria
A
- powerhouse of the cell
- contains mitochondrial DNA
- double membrane , inner membrane has extending folds called cristae
- produces ATP through cellular respiration (krabs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricyclic acid cycle)
20
Q
define cristae
A
- the inner membrane of the mitochondria membrane that has several folds
- increases the surface area
21
Q
which muscle cells would contain more mitochondria?
A
cells that use a lot of energy
22
Q
what are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum
A
- rough ER
- smooth ER
23
Q
describe rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
- hollow system of flattened membranous channels WITH attached ribosomes
- acts as a transportation network for proteins
24
Q
describe smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A
- hollow system of flatened membranous channels WITHOUT attached ribosomes
- important in synthesizing cholesterol, steroid-based hormones, and lipids
- important in detoxification of drugs and breakdown of glycogen and transport of fats
25
where would large amounts of SER be found (3)
- liver cells
- intestinal cells
- interstitial cells of the testes
26
describe the Golgi apparatus
- staked, saucer shaped membranes
27
function of the golgi apparatus
is the receiving, packaging, and distribution center
- modifies and synthesizes carbohydrate production of glycoproteins
- pakages substances from the ER and the exports them from the cell or releases them into the cytoplasm for internal use
- produces lysosomes
28
which organelle produces lysosomes
golgi apparatus
29
describe lysosomes
-contains digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and breakdown non functional organelles
- autolysis will occur if lysosome enzymes are released into the cytoplasm
30
what is the principal organelle in the digestion of nutrients?
lysosomes
31
where are large numbers of lysosomes found?
in phagocytic cells
32
33
describe peroxisomes
- organelle that contains strong oxidase and catalase enzymes
- uses oxygen to detoxify toxic substances (especially alcohol and formaldehyde)
- important in converting free radicals into hydrogen peroxide (which is then converted into water by catalase enzymes)
34
define free radicals
normal by-products of cellular metabolism but is harmful to biological molecules if left to accumulate
-peroxisomes convert free radicals into hydrogen peroxide
35
where are large amounts of peroxisomes found?
liver cells
kidney cells
36
describe a cytoskeleton
- consists of: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments (all are made of protein)
- provides a framework giving the cell structure, form, and support, anchors organelles, and enables movement
37
describe centrioles (3)
- microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube
- important in organizing the mitotic spindle
- form the base of cilia and flagella
38
describe the nucleus
- control center of the cell
- contains DNA (governs heredity and protein synthesis)
- has a double, semipermeable nuclear membrane
- contains one or more nucleoli
39
form of DNA in the nondividing cell
chromatin
40
form of DNA in the dividing cell
chromosomes
41
what do nucleoli do?
manufacure the ribosomal units
cytology
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