Introduction

Question 1

Histology

Answer 1

the study of cells

the precursor to pathology

Question 2

cells

Answer 2

functional units of living organisms

Question 3

differentiate

Answer 3

to perform special functions

Question 4

tissue

Answer 4

cells with similar morphology/function

homogenous

Question 5

organs

Answer 5

anatomically discreet collections of tissues that perform certain functions

Question 6

parenchyma

Answer 6

cells that make up the functional elements of an organ

Question 7

stroma

Answer 7

structural framework of an organ, background tissue

Question 8

systems

Answer 8

tissues and organs organized

Question 9

systems may be (2)

Answer 9

discreet entities (CNS)
diffuse aggregates (immune system)

Question 10

5 basic tissue types

Answer 10

blood
connective tissue
epithelium
muscle
nervous tissue

Question 11

blood

Answer 11

fluid tissue, contained within vessels of circulatory system
only fluid tissue

note: its a specialized connective tissue

Question 12

connective tissue

Answer 12

surrounds and supports other tissue
underlies and supports
common in stroma

Question 13

epithelium

Answer 13

covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands

EX. respiratory tract, GI tract

Question 14

muscle

Answer 14

contains specialized contractile cells responsible for movement

Question 15

nervous tissue

Answer 15

contains modified cells responsible for intercellular communication and coordination of body systems

Question 16

before specific staining can occur, tissue samples must undergo preparation through the following stages

Answer 16

fixation, processing, embedding, sectioning, and staining

Question 17

rehydrate the tissue with

Answer 17

alcohol and xylene (reverse order of baths)

Question 18

hematoxylin

Answer 18

dark blue
basic dye
stains acids (ie. nuclei)
basophilic

Question 19

eosin

Answer 19

pink
acidic dye
stains bases (ie. proteins)
eosinophilic

Question 20

gram stain is used to determine the causative organism in _____ infections.

Answer 20

bacteria

Question 21

animal cells are surrounded by flexible

Answer 21

cell membranes called plasmalemma

Question 22

plasmalemma functions as a

Answer 22

semi-permeable membrane (SPM)

allows the interior of the cells to communicate with its external environment

Question 23

cell membrane forms a

Answer 23

phospholipid bilayer

amphoteric/amphipathic

Question 24

hydrophilic portion contains

Answer 24

positively charged N groups and charged phosphate groups

Question 25

hydrophobic portion contains

Answer 25

two long FA's, covalently linked to glycerol

Question 26

trilaminar appearance of cell membrane in EM

Answer 26

2 electron dense layers (hydrophilic, phospholipid heads) | separated by electron lucent layer (hydrophobic, FA tails)

Question 27

fluid mosaic model

Answer 27

fluidity of the membrane increases with increas in temp and decrete with the saturation of FA's

Question 28

--- helps regulate fluidity and stabilize membrane

Answer 28

cholesterol

Question 29

as cholesterol increases,

Answer 29

the membrane stiffens and fluidity decreases

Question 30

membrane proteins function (2)

Answer 30

cell-cell recognition | surface receptors

Question 31

extrinsic/peripheral proteins

Answer 31

proteins on the surface of membrane

Question 32

intrinsic/integral proteins

Answer 32

proteins incorporated within membrane

Question 33

transmural/transmembrane

Answer 33

extend from one side of the membrane to the other

Question 34

pores

Answer 34

openings in transmembrane proteins which are always open

Question 35

channels

Answer 35

openings in transmembrane proteins which open and close

Question 36

channels and pores are used for

Answer 36

active or passive transport of hydrophilic molecules

Question 37

pumps

Answer 37

serve to transport ions across membrane | ex. Na/K pump

Question 38

channels

Answer 38

allow passage of water soluble molecules via diffusion

Question 39

receptor proteins

Answer 39

allow for cell recognition and binding on cell membrane | ex. immune mediated reactions

Question 40

transducers

Answer 40

initiate enzymatic reactions following binding with ligand molecules ex. hormones

Question 41

enzymes

Answer 41

components of ion pumps and digestive action

Question 42

structural proteins

Answer 42

adds mechanical stability to membrane

Question 43

glycocalyx

Answer 43

membrane proteins/lipids which are conjugated with short polysaccharide chains containing glucose molecules

Question 44

glycocalyx collectively refers to (2)

Answer 44

glycoproteins | glycolipids

Question 45

functions of gylcocalyx (3)

Answer 45

protects surface of cell membrane may be involved in cell recognition important in mediating exchange between internal and external cell environment

Question 46

simple diffusion occurs

Answer 46

down a concentration gradient

Question 47

some agents pass directly through the plasma membrane, such as

Answer 47

lipids gases (o2, co2) some small hydrophilic molecules (water, urea, bicarbonate)

Question 48

larger water-soluble molecules use

Answer 48

pores or channels in transmembrane proteins

Question 49

facilitated diffusion requires

Answer 49

carrier molecules

Question 50

facilitated diffusion relies on

Answer 50

passive diffusion and a concentration gradient

Question 51

facilitated diffusion is also called

Answer 51

carrier-mediated diffusion

Question 52

facilitated diffusion mechanism

Answer 52

reversible binding and unbinding to transport water-soluble, hydrophilic molecules (ex. glucose, amino acids)

Question 53

ion channels can be

Answer 53

gated or ungated

Question 54

ungated ion channels

Answer 54

always open, pores

Question 55

gated ion channels

Answer 55

can be open or closed, allows selective permeability

Question 56

ion channels require the presence of

Answer 56

a stimulus to open

Question 57

the stimulus causes

Answer 57

a conformational change of protein

Question 58

voltage gating requires a

Answer 58

change in membrane potential to open

Question 59

chemical gating requires

Answer 59

binding of a signaling molecule or neurotransmitter

Question 60

both passive and facilitated diffusion are enhanced by an increase in

Answer 60

surface area of cell membrane via folding

Question 61

aquaporins

Answer 61

important type of channel that uses facilitated diffusion | allows water to cross the pm faster than by simple diffusion alone

Question 62

active transport is independent of

Answer 62

concentration (against a concentration gradient)

Question 63

active transport occurs at

Answer 63

specialized "dynamic pore sites" (usually transmembrane proteins)

Question 64

bulk (vesicular) transport requires

Answer 64

energy (ATP)

Question 65

bulk transport

Answer 65

engulfment of molecules or particles by cytoplasmic extensions aka endocytosis

Question 66

phagocytosis vs pinocytosis

Answer 66

phago: solid pino: liquid

Question 67

bulk transport resilts in the formation of membrane bound, endocytic vacuoles called

Answer 67

endosomes or phagosomes

Question 68

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 68

extracellular molecules (ligands) bind to receptor proteins, or clathrins, located in coated pits (caveolae) of cell membrane

Question 69

clathrins

Answer 69

most common receptor protein

Question 70

caveolar

Answer 70

coated pits

Question 71

transcytosis

Answer 71

transport of material across or through a cell, via sequential endocytosis followed by exocytosis