Introduction

Question 1

What does the pharynx do?

Answer 1

branches to oesophagus and larynx

Question 2

What is the pharynx part of?

Answer 2

the airways and voice box

Question 3

What is the upper airways comprised of?

Answer 3

nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx

Question 4

What does the larynx do?

Answer 4

connects to trachea

Question 5

What does the trachea do?

Answer 5

branches substantially to structures in the lungs called alveoli which enables gas exchange

Question 6

What do arteries do?

Answer 6

carry blood away from the heart

Question 7

What do veins do?

Answer 7

carry blood from organs/tissues back to the heart

Question 8

Where is the width of muscle thicker in the heart?

Answer 8

in the left ventricle, needs to pump blood throughout the whole body

Question 9

Why is the right ventricle not as muscular?

Answer 9

it is only pumping blood to the lungs which are really close by

Question 10

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 10

blood being pumped around body systems

Question 11

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 11

blood being pumped to the lungs

Question 12

What is coronary circulation?

Answer 12

blood being pumped to the heart itself

Question 13

What is bronchial circulation?

Answer 13

complementary to pulmonary circulation, supplying lung cells with oxygen and nutrients

Question 14

Blood flow from the body to the lungs order:

Answer 14

vena cava - right atrium - right AV valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - LUNGS

Question 15

What is the right AV valve also known as?

Answer 15

tricuspid

Question 16

What is the pulmonary valve also known as?

Answer 16

semi-lunar

Question 17

Blood flow from the lungs to the body order:

Answer 17

lungs - left atrium - left AV valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta

Question 18

What is the left AV valve also known as?

Answer 18

bicuspid

Question 19

What is the aortic valve also known as?

Answer 19

semi-lunar

Question 20

What is the structure of the blood vessels (arteries and veins)?

Answer 20

tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima (endothelium)

Question 21

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 21

present in tunica media

Question 22

What does contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle modify?

Answer 22

vessel diameter and consequently flow through vessel

Question 23

What is activity of the smooth muscle controlled by?

Answer 23

nerve supply, endogenous substances released from endothelium.

Question 24

What can abnormalities in smooth muscle regulation restrict?

Answer 24

blood flow (and airways)

Question 25

What do endothelial cells release?

Answer 25

bioactive substances

Question 26

What do bioactive substances do?

Answer 26

- prevent inadvertent thrombus formation and cause cells to release mediators - cause relaxation/contraction of underlying smooth muscle (contributes to resistance of blood flow)

Question 27

What do mediators do?

Answer 27

inhibit platelet activation (prevent clotting and keep it under control)

Question 28

What is the equation for blood pressure?

Answer 28

BP = CO x PVR

Question 29

What is CO?

Answer 29

cardiac output (pumping function of heart)

Question 30

What is PVR?

Answer 30

peripheral vascular resistance (resistance of vessels to blood flow)

Question 31

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 31

internal homeostatic pressure receptors

Question 32

What do baroreceptors do?

Answer 32

detect changes in blood pressure, can quickly work to alter it

Question 33

What do therapies target?

Answer 33

cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance (reduce)

Question 34

What drugs reduce blood pressure, target mechanisms/receptors that modulate BP?

Answer 34

ACE inhibitors (captopril), beta-blockers (propranolol, bisoprolol)

Question 35

What drugs target oedema/BP?

Answer 35

furosemide less efficient cardiac function leads to systemic problems such as fluid retention.

Question 36

What are the two zones making up the respiratory zone?

Answer 36

the conducting zone and the respiratory zone

Question 37

What is the respiratory zone?

Answer 37

region of gas exchange between air and blood, no gas exchange in the conducting zone

Question 38

What is the 1st stage in the process of respiration?

Answer 38

air is alternately moved into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs

Question 39

What is the 2nd stage in the process of respiration?

Answer 39

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in lungs and blood in capillaries

Question 40

What is the 3rd stage in the process of respiration?

Answer 40

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Question 41

What is the 4th stage in the process of respiration?

Answer 41

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues

Question 42

What is the 5th stage in the process of respiration?

Answer 42

tissue/cell use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide

Question 43

Why is breathing easy?

Answer 43

properties of lung tissue, surfactant, pleural membranes

Question 44

What are the properties of lung tissues?

Answer 44

compliance and elasticity

Question 45

What does the surfactant do?

Answer 45

helps to keep things moving and lubricated

Question 46

What do pleural membranes do?

Answer 46

protect the lungs, on the outside, constantly moving

Question 47

What is normal breathing?

Answer 47

involuntary and involves the lower levels of the brain

Question 48

What help to control breathing rhythm?

Answer 48

a number of sensory inputs (peripheral and central chemoreceptors). They respond to changes in the internal environment

Question 49

Where do sensory inputs come from?

Answer 49

higher areas of the brain and breathing can thus be conscious

Question 50

Where does control of this neural activity reside in?

Answer 50

neurons in the medulla of the brain (medullary respiratory centre)

Question 51

What does breathing depend upon?

Answer 51

respiratory muscle excitation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles by their motor neurons

Question 52

What are routes of administration for the respiratory system?

Answer 52

oral route, inhalation, nasal route

Question 53

What are some respiratory disorders?

Answer 53

asthma, bronchitis, COPD

Question 54

What is therapeutic targeting for the lungs?

Answer 54

drugs that target receptors leading to improved airway smooth muscle relaxation, anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 55

How can drugs be administered to the lungs?

Answer 55

via inhalation, orally or via an intravenous or intramuscular route