introduction

Question 1

What is biotechnology?

Answer 1

Using biological organisms (animals plants microbes) to achieve human goals

Question 2

Define animal biotechnology

Answer 2

Use of molecular biology techniques to genetically engineer animals for pharmaceutical agricultural or industrial purposes

Question 3

Broad definition of biotechnology

Answer 3

Exploiting biological systems to achieve human goals

Question 4

Name one early form of animal biotechnology

Answer 4

Selective animal breeding

Question 5

How long has selective breeding been practised?

Answer 5

Thousands of years

Question 6

Who established selective breeding as a scientific practice?

Answer 6

Robert Bakewell

Question 7

What traits did Robert Bakewell select for?

Answer 7

Improved meat production in sheep and cattle

Question 8

What is biomanufacturing?

Answer 8

Using animals or animal cells to manufacture useful biological products

Question 9

Why are vaccines important in biotechnology?

Answer 9

They are one of the earliest and most successful biotech applications

Question 10

What technology sparked the animal biotechnology revolution?

Answer 10

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 11

What is recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 11

Combining DNA from different organisms

Question 12

What is a transgenic animal?

Answer 12

An animal genetically modified to carry foreign DNA

Question 13

What is genome sequencing?

Answer 13

Determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism

Question 14

What is cloning?

Answer 14

Producing genetically identical copies of an organism

Question 15

What is epigenetics?

Answer 15

Study of heritable changes in gene expression without DNA sequence change

Question 16

What is targeted genome editing?

Answer 16

Precise modification of DNA at specific locations

Question 17

Name a genome editing tool

Answer 17

CRISPR-Cas

Question 18

Give one food application of animal biotechnology

Answer 18

Selective breeding cloning transgenic animals IVF or cultivated meat

Question 19

What is cultivated meat?

Answer 19

Meat grown from animal stem cells in culture

Question 20

What is AquAdvantage salmon?

Answer 20

A genetically modified fast-growing salmon

Question 21

Why are hornless cattle produced?

Answer 21

To improve animal welfare and handler safety

Question 22

Why develop disease-resistant livestock?

Answer 22

To reduce antibiotic use

Question 23

Give one medical application of animal biotechnology

Answer 23

Immunotherapy gene therapy stem cell therapy or biopharmaceuticals

Question 24

What are biopharmaceuticals?

Answer 24

Therapeutic proteins produced using biotechnology

Question 25

What is immunotherapy?

Answer 25

Treatment that uses or modifies the immune system

Question 26

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 26

Identical antibodies produced from a single cell clone

Question 27

Name one cancer immunotherapy technique

Answer 27

CAR-T therapy

Question 28

What is gene therapy?

Answer 28

Delivery of DNA to treat a genetic disease

Question 29

What vectors are commonly used in gene therapy?

Answer 29

Viral vectors

Question 30

What was a major gene therapy failure?

Answer 30

Death of Jesse Gelsinger in 1999

Question 31

Name one successful gene therapy outcome

Answer 31

Treatment of SMA type 1 or sickle cell anaemia

Question 32

What is assisted reproduction?

Answer 32

Technologies that aid fertilisation and reproduction

Question 33

Name one assisted reproduction technique

Answer 33

IVF artificial insemination or semen cryopreservation

Question 34

What is semen sexing?

Answer 34

Separating sperm by sex chromosomes

Question 35

What is nuclear transfer?

Answer 35

Transfer of a nucleus into an enucleated egg

Question 36

What is a stem cell?

Answer 36

An undifferentiated cell capable of self-renewal and differentiation

Question 37

Give one materials industry application of animal biotechnology

Answer 37

Transgenic silkworms cultured leather or spider silk proteins in goat milk

Question 38

What was the Enviropig?

Answer 38

A genetically modified pig that reduced phosphorus pollution

Question 39

Why did Enviropig fail commercially?

Answer 39

Loss of funding and public concerns

Question 40

What are biosimilars?

Answer 40

Biological products similar to approved biologic drugs

Question 41

Why is commercialisation difficult in animal biotechnology?

Answer 41

High costs long timelines IP issues and public perception

Question 42

Name one biotechnology company failure

Answer 42

PPL Therapeutics or Promise Fertility

Question 43

Why did PPL Therapeutics fail?

Answer 43

Falling share prices and commercial difficulties

Question 44

Name one biotechnology success

Answer 44

Humira Remicade Herceptin or Ruconest

Question 45

What is Ruconest?

Answer 45

A therapeutic protein produced in transgenic rabbit milk

Question 46

What ethical issue is linked to genome editing?

Answer 46

Human germline modification

Question 47

What is human germline engineering?

Answer 47

Heritable editing of the human genome

Question 48

List one core animal biotechnology technique

Answer 48

PCR DNA sequencing genome editing or proteomics

Question 49

What is PCR?

Answer 49

A technique to amplify DNA

Question 50

What is SDS-PAGE used for?

Answer 50

Separating proteins by size

Question 51

What is bioinformatics?

Answer 51

Using computational tools to analyse biological data