What is the definition of emotions?
automatic physiological, behavioral, and cognitive reaction to external or internal events
- mood is different→ more long lasting
- emotions go up, peak and go down naturally after some time
- more complex then what people think
- physiological→ heart rate, facial expression, skin conductance, hormone levels, pupil dilation, goosebumps
- behavioral→ overt response, freezing, running away
What is the difference between a emotional experience and an emotional expression?
Emotional experience
- Subjective feelings that are labeled to identify particular emotions
- private experience
- learn from observation with parents
Emotional expression
- covert and overt behaviors that accompany emotions
—>expression and experience might not look the same BUT usually go with one each other
What is James-Lange theory of emotion?
James-Lange theory
- both came to the same theory separately
- state that the conscious feeling of the emotion comes after the physical arousal
- BUT does not really work because each emotions have pretty much the same physical symptoms
- How can brain differentiate between emotions then?
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Cannon-Bard theory
- physiological arousal and emotional experience can occur at the same time and are independent of each other
What is Schachter and Singer’s two factor theory?
Schachter and Singer’s two factor theory
- physiological changes triggered by stimuli are accompanied by an interpretation of what these changes means
- uses senses to interpret the physical arousal
- ex→ see a barking dog, so arousal must be fear
- cognitive appraisal of what is going on
- if hear a big loud noise but then do not see anything→ will not be scared because of the appraisal of the situation
—>other theory goes further by adding life experiences into the picture
LOOK AT NOTES
How do patterns of bodily change cam impact the emotion?
Patterns in bodily change
- study with stories supposed to elicit different emotions
- participants ask to draw on a body where they feel activity in response to their emotions
- ex→ anger lead to more activity in upper part of the body
- ex→ lumps in the throat when you are sad but not when you are joyful
- make the emotions more intense
- paraplegic in remission do not feel the emotion to the same intensity and could be because they are not experiencing the bodily sensations
- emotions are then induced partly by patterns of bodily change
What is the difference between a discrete theory of emotion VS a dimensional theory of emotion?
Discrete theory of emotion
- Usually using a discrete theory of emotion
- small set of emotions can be distinguished from one another and represented by particular response patterns in the brain
- basic emotions→ thought to be universal BUT study was a forced choice so false consensus
- no gradation
VS Dimensional theory of emotion
- emotions can be broken down into basic elements and individual differences exist in the way people experience emotion
- Vary in term of valence AND arousal
What is the theory of constructed emotions?
Theory of constructed emotions
- two components→ interoception AND categorization
- Interoception→ process by which the brain senses and integrates signals from the body
- Categorization→ The process by which signals from the body are labeled using knowledge about emotions, past experiences, and the current situation
- brain is making a prediction with emotions
- use episodic memory
- constructing ad hoc concepts
- learned as infants by what parents tell them→ might have individual differences
- two instances become anger by virtue of human inferences of similarity
- explain well phobia→ brain is making a prediction error
What are the Papez circuit and the limbic system role in emotions?
Papez Circuit
- thought to be areas dedicated to processing emotions
—>BUT not true
Limbic system
- revised version of papez circuit
- composed of amygdala, PFC and septum
- discrete theories→ emotions can be distinguished by patterns of brain activity
—>Not accurate
What are emotional networks?
Emotional networks
- not a single brain area for each emotion
- emotions are not likely to be dependent on any single area but on functional networks consisting of several areas
- The same brain areas can be activated for more than one emotion
- The same brain areas could be activated across a range of components that comprise different emotion
- brain areas are not equally involved in emotions
- level AND pattern of activation determine emotions
- basic component of emotions→ cannot be reduced much more
- what part of the emotion does that part of the brain played a role in?
What is the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
- set of symptoms due to removal of temporal lobes→ loss of fear, flattened emotions
- ex→ monkey did not fear snakes anymore
How is fear generated in the brain?
How is this generated?
- Not by the amygdala itself
- part of a network
- two different roads
- ex→ surprise birthday party→ start by freezing and then realise
- immediate freezing→ low road from sensory thalamus directly to amygdala
- realisation→ high road uses the sensory cortex which is also connected to hippocampus
- if real threat, sensory cortex is going to continue activating the amygdala with the low road
What is the Urbach-Wiethe disease?
Urbach-Wiethe disease→ causes temporal lobes to degenerate because of calcium in the brain
What is the somatic marker hypothesis?
Somatic-marker hypothesis
- hypothesis that the unconscious activation of past emotional experiences informs decision making
- claim that emotion helps up make good decision
- realise that people with damage to PFC made bad decisions
Somatic marker
- Iowa gambling task→ task used to assess the role played by emotions in decision-making processes in brain-damaged patients
- people with damage made risky and wrong decisions and did not have more sweat
- The perception of physiological changes that act as a biasing mechanism in
decision making
- if do not what to decide in fast reaction task→ follow our hunches because amygdala unconsciously trigger past events to help up choose wisely
What are the differences between Adolph and Barrett’s theory of emotion?
LOOK AT TABLE
