Introduction

Question 0

II) Multicellular Organisms (parts)

Answer 0

A. Organization
B. Advantages
C. Disadvantages

Question 1

II) Multicellular Organisms (definition)

Answer 1

• permits specialization of cells

- allows differential functions

Question 2

Multicellular Organisms:

A. Organization

Answer 2

1. Tissue
2. Organs
3. Organ Systems

Question 3

Tissues

Answer 3

Cells of same type

Ex: cardiac muscle

Question 4

Organs

Answer 4

Tissues producing joint function

Ex: heart

Question 5

Organ Systems

Answer 5

Groups of organs with shared responsibility

Ex: cardiovascular system

Question 6

Multicellular Organisms:

B. Advantages

Answer 6

1. Increased efficiency
2. Controlled shape
3. Large size

Question 7

Increased efficiency

Answer 7

Specialized function

Question 8

Controlled shape

Answer 8

• optimizes 3D structure
• specific functions
  ex: support internal transport, defense

Question 9

Large size

Answer 9

N/a

Question 10

Multicellular Organisms:

C. Disadvantages (definition)

Answer 10

-effects of scale
Mass ⬆️ as function r^3
Surface area ⬆️ as a function r^2
As size (r) ⬆️, surface / volume ratio  ⬇️

Question 11

Multicellular Organisms:

C. Disadvantages (parts)

Answer 11

1. First problem: transport requirements

2. Second problem : physical support

Question 12

Transport requirements

Answer 12

• Access to nutrients
• Removal of wastes
• Regulation of heat

Figure: internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

Question 13

Physical support

Answer 13

Supporting the weight

Ex: profile of deer vs elephant

Question 14

III) Animal Structure (parts)

Answer 14

A. Tissue Types (4)
B. Organs
C. Homeostasis

Question 15

III) Animal Structure

A. Tissue Types (4)

Answer 15

1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue

Question 16

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 16

• sheets lining the outer & inner surfaces
• protective barrier (diffusion filter)
• multiple types (squamous, columnar, cuboidal)

Question 17

Connective Tissue

Answer 17

• provides structural support

- generally cells embedded in extracellular matrix (e.g. cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood cells & plasma)

Question 18

Muscle Tissue

Answer 18

• skeletal muscle: generates movement
• smooth muscle: in internal organs, involuntary control
• cardiac muscle: heart, pump blood

Question 19

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 19

generates movement

Question 20

Smooth Muscle

Answer 20

internal organs, involuntary control

Question 21

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 21

heart, pump blood

Question 22

Nervous Tissue

Answer 22

-process information

Question 23

III) Animal Structure

B. Organs

Answer 23

• multiple tissues with joint functioning

(e. g. stomach has all 4 tissue types)

Question 24

III) Animal Structure | C. Homeostasis

Answer 24

- organ systems to maintain homeostasis in internal environment - consult table 32.1!

Question 25

Table 32.1 Principle Organ Systems in Mammals | Organ Systems

Answer 25

``` Digestive Circulatory Respiratory Immune and lymphatic Excretory Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Integumentary Skeletal Muscular ```

Question 26

Organ System: Digestive | Main Components?

Answer 26

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

Question 27

Organ System: Digestive | Main Functions?

Answer 27

Food Processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

Question 28

Organ System: Circulatory | Main Components?

Answer 28

heart, blood vessels, blood

Question 29

Organ System: Circulatory | Main Functions?

Answer 29

Internal distribution of materials

Question 30

Organ System: Respiratory | Main Components?

Answer 30

lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

Question 31

Organ System: Respiratory | Main Functions?

Answer 31

gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)

Question 32

Organ System: Immune & lymphatic | Main Components?

Answer 32

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

Question 33

Organ System: Immune & lymphatic | Main Functions?

Answer 33

body defense (fighting infections and cancer)

Question 34

Organ System: Excretory | Main Components?

Answer 34

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 35

Organ System: Excretory | Main Functions?

Answer 35

disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Question 36

Organ System: Endocrine | Main Components?

Answer 36

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands

Question 37

Organ System: Endocrine | Main Functions?

Answer 37

Coordination of bod activities (such as digestion and metabolism)

Question 38

Organ System: Reproductive | Main Components?

Answer 38

ovaries or testes and associated organs

Question 39

Organ System: Reproductive | Main Functions?

Answer 39

reproduction

Question 40

Organ System: Nervous | Main Components?

Answer 40

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Question 41

Organ System: Nervous | Main Functions?

Answer 41

coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

Question 42

Organ Systems: Integumentary | Main Components?

Answer 42

skin and its derivatives (such as hair, claws, skin glads)

Question 43

Organ Systems: Integumentary | Main Functions?

Answer 43

protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation

Question 44

Organ Systems: Skeletal | Main Components?

Answer 44

skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

Question 45

Organ Systems: Skeletal | Main Functions?

Answer 45

body support, protection of internal organs, movement

Question 46

Organ Systems: Muscular | Main Components?

Answer 46

skeletal muscles

Question 47

Organ Systems: Skeletal | Main Functions?

Answer 47

locomotion and other movement