Introduction

Question 1

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

• gather sensory information from external environment
• integrate info for assessment and meaning
• produce motor/behavioural/cognitive responses
• regulate body homeostasis

Question 2

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

nervous system -> CNS -> brain and spinal cord

nervous system -> PNS -> Somatic and ANS -> symp, PS and enteric

Question 3

What are the seven main components of the CNS?

Answer 3

spinal cord
medulla oblangata
pons
cerebellum
midbrain
diencephalon
cerebral hemispheres

Question 4

What derives from the embryonic forebrain?

Answer 4

Cerebrum - cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland

Question 5

What derives from the embryonic midbrain?

Answer 5

midbrain part of brainstem

Question 6

What derives from the embryonic hindbrain?

Answer 6

Pons - cerebellum

medulla oblangata

Question 7

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Answer 7

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla oblangata

Question 8

What is the role of the brainstem nuclei?

Answer 8

• breathing, swallowing, balance, autonomic regulation, visual and auditory reflexes

Question 9

What does the brainstem receive input from?

Answer 9

11 cranial nerves

Question 10

What is the function of the midbrain?

Answer 10

Visual and auditory reflexes

Orienting reflexes

Question 11

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 11

Relay of information from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus
Control of movement and sensation from the face
Control of mastication

Question 12

What is the role of the medulla oblangata?

Answer 12

Integration of breathing and swallowing
Control of respiration
Control of blood pressure
Control of cortical arousal

Question 13

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 13

• CN1: Olfactory
• CN2: Optic
• CN3: Oculomotor
• CN4: Trochlear
• CN5: Trigeminal
• CN6: Abducens
• CN7: Facial
• CN8: Vestibulocochlear
• CN9: Glossopharyngeal
• CN10: Vagus
• CN11: Accessory
• CN12: Hypoglossal

Question 14

Which cranial nerves are sensory and which are motor?

Answer 14

1 - sensory
2 - sensory
3 - motor
4 - motor
5 - both
6 - motor
7 - both
8 - sensory
9 - both
10 - both
11 - motor
12 - motor

Question 15

What lobes make up the cerebral hemispheres? What are their functions?

Answer 15

• frontal lobe (frontal motor movement)
• temporal lobe (hearing and memory)
• parietal lobe (somatosensory)
• occipital lobe (vision)

Question 16

What are the sulci in the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 16

Central

Lateral

Question 17

What are the primary cortex areas and their functions?

Answer 17

Primary motor cortex - voluntary movement
Primary sensory cortex (behind) - somatic sensations
Primary auditory complex - hearing
Primary visual cortex - vision

Question 18

What are the secondary cortex areas and functions?

Answer 18

Broca’s - language expression

Wernicke’s - language comprehension

Question 19

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 19

• Co-ordinates complex somatic motor patterns

Question 20

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Answer 20

Conscious thought processes
Memory storage and processing
Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

Question 21

What arteries are involved in the anterior supply to the CNS? (revise circle of willis)

Answer 21

Internal carotid artery:

• anterior cerebral
• middle cerebral
• anterior choroidal
• posterior communicating
• posterior cerebral

Question 22

What arteries are involved in the posterior supply to the CNS? (revise circle of willis)

Answer 22

Vertebral/basilar arteries:

• posterior cerebral
• superior cerebellar
• anterior inferior cerebellar
• posterior inferior cerebellar
• anterior spinal
• posterior spinal

Question 23

What are the 4 spinal tracts and what are their roles?

Answer 23

• DCML (dorsal column medial lemniscus) : made up of cuneate and gracile, discriminative touch
• CSP (corticospinal): motor descending
• SPC (spinocerebellar): proprioception
• SPT (spinothalamic): pain and temperature

Question 24

Where are the crossover points for each spinal tract?

Answer 24

• DCML - medulla
• CSP - spinomedullary junction
• SPC - no functional crossover
• SPT - spinal cord

Question 25

What are the main neurotransmitters?

Answer 25

``` Acetylcholine Dopamine GABA Glutamate Glycine Noradrenaline Serotonin ```

Question 26

What is the function of acetylcholine?

Answer 26

Spinal cord neurons use to control muscles Brain uses for memory regulation Excitatory

Question 27

What is dopamine used for?

Answer 27

Pleasure feelings, reward, multiple functions

Question 28

What is GABA used for?

Answer 28

Inhibitory | In brain

Question 29

What is glutamate used for?

Answer 29

Excitatory | In brain

Question 30

What is glycine used for?

Answer 30

Inhibitory and excitatory effects | Co-agonist with glutamate

Question 31

What is noradrenaline used for?

Answer 31

PNS - part of fight or flight | CNS - regulates complex processes such as mood

Question 32

What is serotonin used for?

Answer 32

Mood, appetite, sensory perception, pain modulatory pathways