Lower Extremity Anatomy > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Gluteal region

A
  • Posterior iliac crest to gluteal fold
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2
Q

Hip (coxal) region

A
  • Over hip joint & greater trochanter
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3
Q

Thigh (femoral) region

A
  • Between the gluteal fold, greater trochanter, inguinal region and the knee
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4
Q

Knee (genu) region

A
  • Over knee joint

- Between leg and thigh

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5
Q

Popliteal region

A
  • Back of knee
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6
Q

Leg(crus) region

A
  • Between knee and ankle
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7
Q

Calf (sural) region

A
  • Posterior aspect of lower leg
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8
Q

Ankle region

A
  • Between leg and foot

- Includes malleoli

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9
Q

Foot (pes) region

A
  • Dorsum
  • Plantar
  • Calcaneal
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10
Q

Calcaneal

A
  • The heel (medial, lateral, plantar)
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11
Q

Flexion

A
  • Decreasing the angle between body parts
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12
Q

Extension

A
  • Increasing the angle between body parts
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13
Q

Abduction

A
  • Moving away from midline
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14
Q

Adduction

A
  • Moving towards midline
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15
Q

Medial rotation (internal)

A
  • Movement around the long axis

- Anterior surface moves toward midline

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16
Q

Lateral rotation (external)

A
  • Movement around the long axis

- Anterior surface moves away from midline

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17
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Circular movement

- Combines flex/abd/ext/add

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18
Q

Eversion

A
  • Movement of plantar surface of foot away from body
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19
Q

Inversion

A
  • Movement of plantar surface of foot towards body
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20
Q

Dorsiflexion

A
  • Bringing dorsum of foot towards anterior leg
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21
Q

Plantarflexion

A
  • Moving the dorsum of the foot away from anterior leg
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22
Q

Supination of foot

A
  • Plantarflexion
  • Inversion
  • Adduction
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23
Q

Pronation of foot

A
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Eversion
  • Abduction
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24
Q

Muscles are named based on

A
  • Location
  • Size
  • Origin/insertion
  • Function
  • Shape
  • Fiber direction
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25
If a muscle crosses a joint,
- It has a function on that joint
26
You can figure out muscle function based on
- Attachment points
27
Tendon
- Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
28
Aponeurosis
- Flat tendon | - Attaches muscle to muscle or bone or skin
29
Tendon sheath (not present around all tendons)
- Fibrous membrane around a tendon - 2 layers - Outer fibrous - Inner synovial
30
Tendon sheath function
- Allows tendon to glide when muscle is contracted and relaxed (reduce friction)
31
Inner synovial layer of tendon sheath produces
- Small amounts of fluid
32
Mesotendon
- Reflection of synovial layers that connect a tendon to the tendon sheath
33
Vincula (vinculum is singular)
- Narrow connective tissue band of mesotendon
34
Vincula are found on
- Flexor tendons of foot and hand
35
Vincula allow
- Passage of vessels to the tendon
36
Paratendon (“false tendon sheath”)
- Loose connective tissue sheath that surrounds some tendons (Achilles) - No synovium
37
Paratendon function
- Not the same as a tendon sheath | - Allow for gliding movement
38
Paratendon vascularity
- Highly vascular | - Blood vessels also supply the tendon it surrounds
39
Clinical importance of paratendons
- Tendon pathology and post tendon surgical healing
40
Vasa vasorum
- Vessels within the walls of large arteries/veins | - Supply the tissues of the vessel wall
41
Vasa nervorum
- Vessels that supply peripheral nerves and ganglia
42
End arteries
- Only blood supply for an area - Occlusion blocks blood supply to that area - Ex: Proper digital arteries
43
Anastomoses
- Communication between arteries or veins
44
Arterial anastomoses provide
- Alternate blood supply to an area | - Connection between separate arteries
45
Types of arterial anastomoses
- Scapular anastomosis - Genicular anastomosis - Cruciate anastomosis
46
Venous anastomoses
- Provide alternate route of venous return | - Abundant
47
Arteriovenous anastomoses
- Common in the skin (heat regulation)
48
Deep vs. superficial veins
- Relationship to deep fascia | - Deep veins have an accompany artery of the same name
49
Venous valves
- Prevent backflow along with the muscle action of the lower limbs
50
Vena comitans (plural: venae comitantes) is latin for
- Accompanying vein
51
Vena comitans
- Commonly paired - Referred to the artery which it accompanies - Ex: venae comitantes of fibular artery - Surround artery
52
Arterial pulsations
- Help venous return
53
Muscle contraction
- Compressions veins | - Moves blood against gravity
54
Superficial veins
- Travel in superficial fascia - No accompanying arteries - Variation in patterns - Many valves - Drains into deep veins
55
Perforating veins
- Penetrate deep fascia - Connect superficial veins to deep veins - Valves allow blood flow superficial to deep
56
Superficial fascia
- Fat and loose connective tissue - Cutaneous nerves - Superficial veins - Lymph vessels and nodes
57
Deep fascia
- Dense connective tissue
58
Deep fascia function
- Enclose muscle (provides muscle attachment) - Forms sheaths around neurovasculature (aids in venous return) - Forms intermuscular septa - Forms aponeuroses (plantar aponeurosis/fascia)
59
Intermuscular septa (and medial)
- Reflections of deep fascia | - Form compartments
60
Retinacula
- Thickenings of deep fascia found around joints (retention bands)
61
Fascia lata (thigh)
- Iliotibial tract: Thickening of fascia lata | - Iliac tubercle to Gerdy’s tubercle
62
Crural fascia (leg)
- Anterior and posterior intermuscular septum - Anterior/lateral/posterior compartments - Transverse intermuscular septum
63
Great saphenous vein arises from
- Dorsal venous arch (medial marginal vein) & dorsal vein of 1st digit - Ascends medially
64
Great saphenous vein ascends medially and
- Anterior to medial malleolus | - Posterior to medial femur condyle
65
Great saphenous vein passes through
- Saphenous opening (fossa ovalis) - Drains into femoral vein - Commonly used for other procedures
66
Small saphenous vein arises from
- Dorsal venous arch (lateral marginal vein) | - Dorsal vein of 5th digit
67
Small saphenous vein located
- Posterior to lateral malleolus
68
Small saphenous vein drains into
- Popliteal vein (not always)
69
Small saphenous vein travels with
- Sural nerve
70
Lymphatic drainage of lower extremity involves
- Inguinal lymph nodes (superficial and deep) - Popliteal lymph nodes - Anterior tibial lymph node
71
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (in superficial fascia)
- Horizontal Group (5-6 nodes) | - Vertical Group (4-5 nodes)
72
Horizontal group (5-6 nodes)
- Located right below inguinal ligament
73
Vertical Group (4-5 nodes)
- Located along terminal end of saphenous vein
74
Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes (deep to fascia lata)
- Located medial to femoral vein
75
Popliteal Lymph nodes
- Located deep to popliteal fascia
76
Anterior tibial lymph node
- Inconsistent in lower extremity lymph drainage
77
Superficial lymphatics located
- In superficial fascia
78
Majority of superficial lymphatics drain into
- Vertical group of superficial inguinal nodes
79
Superficial lymphatics in the small saphenous territory
- Posterior, lateral leg and foot
80
Superficial lymphatics in the small saphenous territory (posterior, lateral leg and foot) drain into
- Popliteal nodes
81
Deep lymphatics located
- Deep to deep fascia
82
Lymph vessels travel with blood vessels and drain into
- Deep inguinal nodes directly | - Popliteal nodes (deep tissues of leg and foot)
83
Popliteal nodes drain into
- Deep inguinal nodes
84
Deep gluteal region drains into
- Internal iliac nodes
85
Infection of nodes can cause
- Enlargement and tenderness of the lymph nodes
86
Autonomics of the Lower Extremity
- No parasympathetic to lower extremity | - Sympathetic nerve fibers travel with peripheral nerves to innervate vessels, sweat glands of the lower extremity
87
Sympathetic innervation of lower extremity
- Presynaptic (preganglionic) nerve fibers originate lateral horn of T10-12, L1-2
88
Presynaptic (preganglionic) nerve fibers travel in
- White rami communicantes to the sympathetic trunks | - Descend and synapse in lumbar and sacral paravertebral ganglia
89
Paravertebral ganglia of the lower extremity
- 4 lumbar paravertebral ganglia | - 4-5 sacral paravertebral ganglia (medial to anterior sacral foramina)
90
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) nerve fibers travel in
- Gray rami communicantes to enter lumbosacral plexus
91
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) nerve fibers are distributed to the lower extremity by
- Traveling in peripheral nerves (branches of the lumbosacral plexus)
92
Injury to cutaneous nerve (branches of lumbosacral plexus) causes
- Loss of sensation in the area it innervates
93
Anterior femoral cutaneous nerves (femoral)
- Intermediate femoral cutaneous | - Medial femoral cutaneous
94
Dermatomes reflect
- Cutaneous innevation of a spinal segment
95
Sensory abnormalities that follow a dermatomal distribution indicate
- A problem with the cord or spinal nerve/roots
96
L1 dermatome
- Inguinal region
97
L2 dermatome
- Anterolateral thigh
98
L3 dermatome
- Anteromedial thigh
99
L4 dermatome
- Medial leg | - Big toe
100
L5 dermatome
- Anterior leg - Foot dorsum - Big toe - Digits 2,3
101
S1 dermatome
- Little toe | - Lateral foot
102
S2 dermatome
- Posterior thigh
103
Myotomes of lower extremity reflect
- Muscular innevation of a spinal segment (cord, roots, spinal nerve)
104
Motor abnormalities that follow a dermatomal distribution indicate
- A problem with the cord or spinal nerve/roots
105
Most muscles of extremities are comprised of
- Multiple myotomes
106
Hip flexion, adduction, and medial rotation
- L1-4
107
Hip extension, abduction, and lateral rotation
- L5-S1
108
Knee extension
- L2-4
109
Knee flexion
- L5-S1
110
Ankle dorsiflexion
- L4-5
111
Ankle plantarfelxion
- S1-2
112
Inversion
- L4-5
113
Eversion
- L5-S1
114
MTP dorsiflexion
- L5, S1
115
MTP plantarflexion
- S1-2
116
Deep tendon reflexes
- Patellar tendon: L2,3,4 | - Achilles: S1,2
117
Superficial reflexes
- Motor responses to scraping of the skin | - Can indicate a problem with brain/spinal cord
118
Plantar reflex
- Stroke the sole of the foot | - Abnormal response is Babinski sign
119
Babinski sign
- Toe fanning and 1st digit extension | - This response is normal before 1 yr of age
Lower Extremity Anatomy
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