Introduction

Question 1

Why have deaths due to disease decreased ?

Answer 1

better treatments, improved lifestyles, and identification of cause

Question 2

What disease have we not decreased death in?

Answer 2

cancer

Question 3

complex trait

Answer 3

• is caused by the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors
• ex. cancer and heart disease

Question 4

What causes the most deaths in Canada?

Answer 4

cancer

Question 5

What diseases have we decreased the most deaths in?

Answer 5

heart diseases

Question 6

highest incidence of cancer types in male

Answer 6

prostate, colorectal, lung

Question 7

highest incidence of cancer types in female

Answer 7

breast, lung, colorectal

Question 8

cancer with highest death rate in male

Answer 8

lung, colorectal, prostate

Question 9

cancer with highest death rate in female

Answer 9

lung, breast, colorectal

Question 10

why does lung have the highest death rate

Answer 10

• often not seen in scans until too late
• is a internal organ and easily accessible
• have similar symptoms to less serious issues
• lung cancers are often misdiagnosed

Question 11

What cancers death rates have decreased?

Answer 11

breast, stomach, colorectal

Question 12

What cancers death rates have increased?

Answer 12

lung

Question 13

neoplasia

Answer 13

abnormal cell growth

Question 14

benign growth

Answer 14

• slow growth
• tumour cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
• do not spread to other parts of body

Question 15

malignant growth

Answer 15

• rapid growth
• invasive
• potential for metastasis

Question 16

malignant cells

Answer 16

-malignant cells invade neighbouring tissues, enter blood vessels and metastasize to different sites

Question 17

cancer

Answer 17

is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body

Question 18

3 parts of the cell cycle

Answer 18

birth, growth (differentiation), and death (apoptosis)

Question 19

the cell cycle

Answer 19

• the timing mechanism that determines entry into cell division and ensures orderly passage through the events of cell division is critical
• is highly controlled and regulated by the body

Question 20

defective cell cycle

Answer 20

• defective regulatory mechanism that limit cell division cause cells to undergo unregulated division
• causes cancer

Question 21

tumour

Answer 21

uncontrolled cell division

Question 22

cyclin accumulation

Answer 22

-regulator of the cell cycle

Question 23

cyclin in the cell cycle

Answer 23

• when cyclin level are high, and it binds to Cyclin-Dependent Protein (Cdk) kinases, it is a signal for the cell cycle to go
• if the cell is able to go through the whole cell cycle, then the cyclin-cdk complex will be separated

Question 24

What do normal cells need to grow?

Answer 24

• presence of essential nutrients
• growth factors
• density dependent inhibition
• anchorage dependence

Question 25

cyclin

Answer 25

- controls the progression of a cell through the cell cycle | - is a growth factor

Question 26

growth factors

Answer 26

proteins secreted by certain body cells that stimulate other cells to divide

Question 27

density dependent inhibition

Answer 27

crowded cells stop dividing

Question 28

anchorage dependence

Answer 28

cells must be in contact with solid surface to divide (e.g. extracellular tissue matrix)

Question 29

malignant tumor

Answer 29

- divide without restraint - invades tissues where it originated and spreads into other tissues - eventually disrupts body function

Question 30

2 genes that control the cell cycle

Answer 30

oncogenes and tumour suppressor

Question 31

oncogenes normal function

Answer 31

cell growth and gene transcription

Question 32

tumour suppressor normal function

Answer 32

DNA repair, cell cycle control

Question 33

oncogenes and tumour suppressor in cancer

Answer 33

- activated oncogenes | - inactivated tumour suppressor

Question 34

tumour suppressors

Answer 34

- "guardian(s) of the genome" | - often involved in maintaining genomic integrity

Question 35

What do mutations in tumour suppressor genes lead to?

Answer 35

"the mutator phenotype" | -often the first 1st mutation in a developing cancer

Question 36

p53

Answer 36

- "the guardian of the genome" - sense genomic damage - halts the cell cycle and initiates DNA repair - if the DNA is irreparable, p53 will initiate the cell death process

Question 37

six hallmarks of cancer

Answer 37

- self-sufficient growth signals (constitutively activated growth factor signalling) - resistance to anti-growth signals (inactivated cell cycle checkpoint) - immortality (inactivated cell death pathway) - resistance to cell death (activated anti-cell death signalling) - sustained angiogenesis - invasion and metastasis