Introduction Flashcards

Question

The levels of disease prevention Primary:prevents disease onset Secondary: Detect disease at its early stages and reduce progression and effects Tertiary: Reduce complications and mortality in advanced disease Correspond to which of the natural history of diseases?

Answer 1

Primary-Course of disease from beginning to clinical endpoint •Agent-Environment-Host • Secondary -Prepathogenesis •Agent (e.g bacterium) in the environment) * tertiary-Pathogenesis * Agent interacts with the host (person)

Answer 2

``` What? – Case definition •Clinical or other criteria •Who? – Person •People and their characteristics (inherent, acquired, socioeconomic conditions, beliefs and behaviours) •Where? – Place •Geographical differences or extent •When? – Time •Past and future trends •Why? – Cause •Causality and associations ```

Answer 3

Historical use(Patterns, types, and causes of morbidity and mortality over time): Epidemiologic & demographic transitions and nutrition transitions •Community health use Diagnose the health of the community •Health services use Working of health services •Risk assessment use Estimation of disease, accident, or defect risks •Disease causality use Causes and associations o f health and disease

Answer 4

Diagnose the health of the community and condition of the people •Measure the true dimensions and distribution of ill-health in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability and mortality •Set health problems in perspective and define their relative importance •Identify groups needing special attention * Factors – age and sex distribution, ethnicity/race,SES, etc * Outcomes – life expectancy, social conditions, morbidity and mortatlity

Answer 5

Study the working of health services for improvement * Operations research – study of placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of such services. * Quantification of information regarding the availability and cost of healthcare services * Planners in determining what services are needed in the community

Answer 6

Estimate from the group experience what are the individual risks on average of disease, accident and defect, and the chances of avoiding them •Risk •the probability that an event will occur •e.g., that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age. •A risk factor •an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome •E.g cigarette smoking

Answer 7

Searching for the causes of health and disease by computing the experience of groups defined by their composition, inheritance and experience, their behaviour and environments * Set critera must be satisfied to determine causality * Possible causal associations evaluated by use of Analytic study designs – case-control and cohort studies; natural experiments, randomized controlled trials and community trials

Answer 8

Use of the interdisciplinary approach • Mathematics and biostatistics • History • Sociology • Demography and geography • Behavioral sciences • Law 2. Use of the scientific method • theories • hypotheses • empirical data 3. Enhancement of critical thinking ability • Reasoning by analogy and deduction • Problem solving 4. Use of quantitative and computer methods 5. Communication skills •dissemination of info 6. Inculcation of aesthetic values •beauty of epidemiologic literature

Answer 9

``` Departed from superstitious beliefs of disease etiology •Environmental factors caused disease •Air •Water •Food ```

Answer 10

129–199 AD) •Theory of ‘miasma’ or bad air causing disease •Malodorous and poisonous particles created by decomposing organic •“. . . disease was transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth.” * The idea of disease being preventable * Keen sense of sanitation * Baths, sewers and aqueducts were construc

Answer 11

Thought to be an epidemic of bubonic plague, a bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis. •Painful swellings of the lymph nodes (buboes) •Fever and the appearance of black splotches on the skin * Transmitted through bites of fleas, harbored by birds, rats and other types of rodents can transmit plague. * Theories of disease causation – miasma vs contagion ``` Middle Ages (approximately 500–1450) Black Death (1346 -1352) ```

Answer 12

Descriptive characteristics of birth and death data, including seasonal variations, infant mortality, and excess male over female mortality. •First to employ quantitative methods to describe population vital statistics by organizing mortality data in a mortality table. •Graunt has been called the Columbus of statistics.

Answer 13

British navy doctor. •Credited with designing the first ever clinical trial •Hypothesized a link between scurvy and lack of fruit intake. •He enrolled 12 affected sailors •Those given two oranges and a lemon per day made an almost complete recovery •Years later scurvy was linked to lack of vitamin C

Answer 14

Developed first vaccine – against smallpox •observed immunity from smallpox among dairymaids infected with cowpox •Jenner created a vaccine by using material from the arm of an dairymaid, Sarah Nelmes, with active case of cowpox. •In 1796, the vaccine was injected into the arm of an eight-year old boy, James Fipps, who was later exposed to smallpox and did not develop the disease.

Introduction Flashcards

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