What is the midline?
Vertical line down the centre
What is the midclavicular line and the mid-axillary line?
- centre of the clavicle
- centre of the armpit
Define:
- medial and lateral
- proximal and distal
- superior and inferior
Medial: towards the midline
Lateral: away from the midline
Proximal: towards the point of reference
Distal: away from the point of reference
Superior: above the point of reference
Inferior: below the point of reference
Define:
- anterior and posterior
- dorsal and ventral
- plantar and palmar
Anterior: towards the front of the body
Posterior: towards the back of the body
Dorsal: towards the spine
Ventral: towards the abdomen
Plantar: sole of the foot
Palmar: palm of the hand
What is the transverse line?
Horizontal line across the midline
Define the following directions:
- Abdominal
- Antebrachial
- Antecubital
- Axillary
Abdominal: abdomen
Antebrachial: Forearm
Antecubital: Front of the elbow
Axillary: Armpit
Define the following directions:
- Brachial
- calf
- carpal
- cephalic
Brachial: upper arm
Calf: lower posterior portion of leg
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head
Define the following directions:
- cervical
- costal
- cubital
- femoral
Cervical: neck
Costal: ribs
Cubital: posterior surface of elbow of the arm
Femoral: thigh, upper portion of leg
Define the following directions:
- flank
- gluteal
- inguinal
- lumbar
Flank: side of trunk adjoining lumbar region
Gluteal: buttock
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back between the ribs and hips
Define the following directions:
- occipital
- ophthalmic
- pectoral/ mammary
- pelvic
Occipital: back of the head
Ophthalmic: eye
Pectoral/ mammary: upper chest or breast
Pelvic: pelvis
Define the following directions:
- perineal
- plantar
- popliteal
- sacral
Perineal: perineum
Plantar: sole of foot
Popliteal: back of the knee
Sacral: sacrum
Define the following directions:
- sternal
- thoracic
- umbilical
- vertebral
Sternal: sternum
Thoracic: chest
Umbilical: naval
Vertebral: spine
Define the Sagittal plane
A vertical line which divides the body into a left and right section
Define a coronal plane
A vertical line that divides the body into front (anterior) section and back (posterior) section
Define a transverse/ axial plane
A horizontal line which divides the body into an upper (superior) and a bottom (inferior) section
Where is the left lateral border, inferior border, right lateral border and the superior border of the heart located?
Left lat: mid clavicular sagittal plane (left ventricle)
Inferior border: T9 vertebral level
Right lat: Sagittal plane of the right transverse spinous process (right atrium)
Superior border: vertebral level T5
Where is the tricuspid, mitral, aortic and pulmonary valves of the heart located?
Tricuspid: mid Sagittal plane, T7
Mitral: Sagittal plane of left transverse process, T7
Aortic: left of mid Sagittal plane, T6
Pulmonary: Sagittal plane of right transverse process, T6
Where is the apex of the lungs located as well as the inferior borders of the lungs at rest, inspiration and expiration and the medial borders?
Apex: T1 Inferior borders Rest: T9 Inspiration: T10/11 Expiration: T8 Medial border: Sagittal plane of L and R spinous process
Where are the domes and lateral angles of the diaphragm located as well as the posterior aspect?
Diaphragm- Domes at rest: T9 Lateral angles at rest: T2/T3 or LCM Inspiration Domes: T10/11 Expiration Domes: T8
Posterior aspect-
Rest: T10
Inspiration: T12
Expiration: T9
Where is the superior border (at rest, inspiration, expiration), left lateral border, right lateral border, inferior border and the oblique inferior border of the liver located?
Super border: directly inferior to diaphragm
- at rest: T9
- inspiration: T10/11
- expiration: T8
Left lat: left mid clavicular Sagittal plane
Right lat: right side of the upper right border of the abdo
Inferior border: LCM, T2/3
Oblique inferior border: curves from LCM to L2, then from L2 towards MCL superior/oblique
- Where is the superior pole, pelvis and lower pole of the left and right kidneys located?
- Where are the medial and lateral borders of the kidneys located?
- Left
Superior pole: T12
Pelvis: L1
Lower Pole: L2
Right
Superior pole: L1
Pelvis: L2
Lower pole: L3
- Medial borders: Sagittal plane of transverse process
Lateral borders: MCL
- Where is the fundus of the stomach located
- Where is the greater curvature of the stomach located
- Where is the lesser curvature of the stomach located
- Where is the duodenum located
- Directly inferior to the diaphragm (L)
- Sweeping curve from fundus, inferiority and oblique to L2, then superior to L1 meeting the duodenum
- Sweeping from fundus inferiority and obliquely to L1 meeting the duodenum
- Superior: L1
Middle: Sagittal plane of R transverse process
Inferior: L2 becoming the jejunum
Where is the pancreas head, body and tail located?
Head: nestled by duodenum- L2
Body: sweeps superior and oblique to T11
Tail: continues superior and oblique T11- T12
- points to the spleen
Both the body and tail sit posterior to the body of the stomach
- Where is the spleen located?
2. Where are the superior, lateral, inferior and medial borders of the spleen located?
- In the upper left quadrant of the abdo
- Superior: directly inferior to the diaphragm
Lateral: lateral wall of abdo
Inferior: level of T12
Medial: sits ‘near’ the upper pole of the L kidney
