Introduction Lecture

Question 1

What are some features that gives mammals success

Answer 1

Enhanced intelligence, sensory ability, endothermic, inc. efficiency of reproduction, inc. efficiency of securing and processing food

Question 2

Dentary

Answer 2

Single bone; composes the lower jaw or mandible

Question 3

Dentary-squamosal articulation

Answer 3

Jaw attached to the skull through this

Question 4

Ossicles

Answer 4

Derived from mandibular bones; improves the ability to transmit forces into the lower jaw and inc. bite force. Movements into middle ear inc. ability to hear at high frequency.

Question 5

Ossicle names

Answer 5

Stapes: hyomandibula
Malleus: articulate
Tympanic: angular

Question 6

Manubrium

Answer 6

Part of the malleus that attaches to the inside of tympanum

Question 7

Where is the single jaw joint located

Answer 7

Between the squamosal and dentary bones

Question 8

Epiphysis

Answer 8

Bony cap that separates main part of the bone diaphysis by cartilage metaphysis during growth

Question 10

Determinate growth

Answer 10

Growth that’s completed after a certain age (maturity).

Question 11

Articulate surfaces on long bones

Answer 11

On the epiphysis, allowing mammals to have complex joints while also maintaining lengthening the shaft of the bone.

Question 12

What happens when long bone ossifies

Answer 12

The metaphysis cartilage will completely ossify as animals grows, and once complete, there is determinant growth

Question 13

Thecondont

Answer 13

Teeth that are held within a socket. Mammals teeth are this where root attaches to the bone through ligaments.

Question 14

Heterodont

Answer 14

Differentiated depending on position in the jaw

Question 15

Diphyodont

Answer 15

Replaced only once in the animal’s lifetime; mammals

Question 16

Cervical vertebrae

Answer 16

There are 7 in all except sirenians and sloths

Question 17

Occipital condyles

Answer 17

What helps the skull articulate to the spine; seen in amphibians and reptiles including birds have 1.

Question 18

Mammal spine

Answer 18

Very differentiated and flexible

Question 19

Hair

Answer 19

Covers the body of mammals, and each hair has its own muscle arrector pilli muscle. There are hair follicles and hair roots. And hair shaft where you can see the hair.

Question 20

Hair adaptations

Answer 20

Have arrector pili muscles so when cold, they can erect to preserve heat and trap it. They also can puff out when scared (goosebumps) so it helps mammals look bigger with their fur to scare away predators.

Question 21

Skin glands

Answer 21

Sweat and sebaceous with a subset of scent in both

Question 22

Sweat glands

Answer 22

Highly concentrated in certain areas like armpits, and are modified to produce odors; skunks have anal gland for skunk smell; deers on knees, cats on chins, rubbing smell

Question 24

Sebaceous gland

Answer 24

Oil producers for heating the skin and prevent hair dryness

Question 25

Mammary glands

Answer 25

Modified sweat glands, produce milk.

Question 26

Monotreme

Answer 26

Mammary glands with non nipple, but rather hair to release the milk

Question 27

Human mammary gland

Answer 27

Have cystern and nipple.

Question 28

Ungulate

Answer 28

Many alveoli bring milk to one large cystern into a teat or single duct and one opening to trap lots of milk.

Question 29

Muscular diaphragm

Answer 29

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Fully muscular only in mammals. Allows for diaphragmatic breathing.

Question 30

Mammal diaphragms

Answer 30

All muscular for additional mode of breathing like intercoastal breathing. Humans can do diaphragmatic breathing. Diaphragm pushes down so we can breath in thoracic cavity and enlarges it.

Question 31

Heart

Answer 31

4-chambered, Left aortic arch only

Question 32

Aortic arch

Answer 32

Systemic arches and some animals like birds have them emerging on the right side

Question 33

Enucleate erythrocyte

Answer 33

RBC(erythrocytes) lack nuclei at maturity (Enucleate); biconcave (dimpled on both sides)

Question 34

RBC nucleus

Answer 34

Develop but before maturity, they are gone. Exception, camels have them because of adaptations for living in desserts.

Question 35

Brain mammals

Answer 35

Brain is large relative to body size

Question 36

Brain morphology

Answer 36

Enlarged Cerebrum covers midbrain and corpora quadrigemina found only in mammals to increase sensory function in mammals and reflex center involved in vision and hearing

Question 37

Endothermic

Answer 37

High internal temperature maintained through metabolic heat production (rather than taking it heat from the environment)

Question 38

Laryngeal vocal cords

Answer 38

Sound production through these

Question 39

Cheeks

Answer 39

Buccal cavity (mouth) enclosed laterally by cheeks, roofed by secondary palate

Question 40

Limb orientation

Answer 40

Tend to be in vertical orientation, so directly under the body than on the side