introduction slides

Question 1

What are the levels of structural organization

Answer 1

​- Chemical ​
- Cellular​
- Tissue​
- Organs​
- system level
- organismic level
​

Question 2

what is the explanation for chemical level of Structal organization

Answer 2

• atomic and molecular level

Question 3

what is the explanation for cellular level of Structal organization

Answer 3

• smallest living unit of the body

Question 4

what is the explanation for tissue level of Structal organization

Answer 4

• group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task​

Question 5

what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Answer 5

1. epithelium
2. muscle
3. connective tissue
4. never

Question 6

what is the explanation for organ level of Structal organization

Answer 6

• grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function.​

Question 7

what is the explanation for organ system level of Structal organization

Answer 7

• collection of related organs with a common function​
• sometimes an organ is part of more than one system​

Question 8

what is the explanation for organismic level of Structal organization

Answer 8

• one living individual

Question 9

what is surface anatomy?

Answer 9

• is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”). ​

Question 10

what is gross anatomy?

Answer 10

• is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking, the gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.” ​

​

Question 11

what are the two general approaches to gross anatomy?

Answer 11

Systemic approach (Systemic Anatomy): ​
Study all of the blood vessels, or all of the muscles, or all of the bones… at once.​

Regional approach (Regional Anatomy)​
All anatomical structures of a specific region

Question 12

what is histology?

Answer 12

• study of tissues

Question 13

what is pathology?

Answer 13

• study of anatomical changes due to disease. ​
• Pathologists use gross inspection, as well as cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover the ​source of the disease.​

Question 14

what is cytology?

Answer 14

• like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study individual cellular structures

Question 15

what are the 6 life processes?

Answer 15

• Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes​
  breakdown of large molecules into small ​
  building new structural components (proteins)‏​
  providing chemical energy for cells​

-Responsiveness​ detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment​ some typical responses ​

-Movement at any structural level​ the body, an organ, a cell or cell component​

Growth​ = increase in number or size of cells or the material found between cells​

Differentiation​ = specialization of cells for a specific function​ stem cells give rise to cells that specialize​

Reproduction​ = formation of new cells or new individuals

Question 16

What is anatomical position?

Answer 16

Standardized position from which to describe directional terms​:
- standing upright​
- facing the observer, head level​
- eyes facing forward​
- feet flat on the floor​
- arms at the sides​
- palms turned forward​

Question 17

what is prone position?

Answer 17

• lying face down​

Question 18

what is supine position?

Answer 18

• lying face up

Question 19

define sagittal plane

Answer 19

• divides the body or an organ into left and right sides

Question 20

define midsagittal

Answer 20

produces equal halves​

Question 21

define Parasagittal plane

Answer 21

• produces unequal halves

Question 22

Define Frontal or coronal plane​

Answer 22

• divides the body or an organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions​

Question 23

define Oblique plane

Answer 23

• some combo of 2 other planes

Question 23

define Transverse(cross-sectional) or horizontal plane

Answer 23

• divides the body or an organ into upper (superior) or lower (inferior) portions​

Question 24

define superior

Answer 24

- towards the head​ - The eyes are superior to the mouth.

Question 25

define inferior

Answer 25

- away from the head​ - The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Question 26

define dorsal or posterior

Answer 26

- at the back of the body​ - The brain is posterior to the forehead.​ ​

Question 27

define Ventral or Anterior

Answer 27

- at the front of the body​ - The sternum is anterior to the heart.

Question 28

define ipsilateral

Answer 28

- on the same side ​ of the body​ - The right arm is ipsilateral to the right leg.

Question 29

define Contralateral​

Answer 29

- on the opposite side of the body​ - The left ear is contralateral the right eye.

Question 30

define proximal

Answer 30

- nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk​ - The knee is proximal to the ankle.​

Question 31

define distal

Answer 31

- farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk​ - wrist is distal to the elbow

Question 32

what is in the ventral body cavity

Answer 32

- Near ventral surface of body​ 2 subdivisions​: - thoracic cavity above diaphragm​ - abdominopelvic cavity below diaphragm

Question 33

define mediastinum

Answer 33

- midline wall tissue that has the heart, great vessels, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Question 34

Pleural & Pericardial Cavities

Answer 34

- Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs - Parietal pleura lines chest wall​ - visceral pericardium heart covers: - parietal pericardium lines pericardia sac

Question 35

define peritoneum

Answer 35

- Visceral peritoneum: serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera​ - Parietal peritoneum: serous membrane that lines abdominal wall ​

Question 36

what are some clinical observational techniques

Answer 36

- Inspection​ - Auscultation​: listen to body sounds with stethoscope​ - ex: abnormal fluid in lungs​ - Percussion​: tap on body surface and listen to echo​ - ex: air in intestines​ - Palpation​: feel body surface with hands​

Question 37

define Conventional Radiography

Answer 37

- A single burst of x-rays​ - Produces 2-D image on film​ - Known as radiography or x-ray​ - Poor resolution of soft tissues​ - Major use is osteology​

Question 38

what is Computed Tomography (CT Scan) [CAT]

Answer 38

- Moving x-ray beam​ - Image produced on a video monitor of a cross-section through body​ - Computer generated image reveals more soft tissue detail​ - ex: kidney & gallstones​ - Multiple scans used to build 3D views

Question 39

what's Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)‏​

Answer 39

- Radiopaque material injected into blood vessels​ - Before and after images compared with a computer program​ - Image of blood vessel is shown on a monitor

Question 40

define Ultrasound (US)‏

Answer 40

- High-frequency sound waves emitted by hand-held device​ - Safe, non-invasive & painless​ - Image or sonogram is displayed on video monitor​ - Used for fetal ultrasound and examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart ​ and blood ​flow through ​blood vessels

Question 41

what is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)‏​

Answer 41

- Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field​ - Protons align themselves relative to magnetic field​ - Pulse of radio waves used to generate an image on video monitor​ - Can not use on patient with metal in their body​ - reveals fine detail within soft tissue

Question 42

what is Positron Emission Tomography(PET)‏​

Answer 42

- Substance that emits positively charged particles is injected into body​ - Collision with negatively charged electrons in tissues releases gamma rays​ - Camera detects gamma rays & computer generates image displayed on a monitor.