Histo 1 > Introduction to Basic Tissue Types > Flashcards

Introduction to Basic Tissue Types Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four basic tissue types and their general function?

A

Epithelium (barrier)
Muscle (movement)
Nerve (information)
Connective Tissue (support)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the Epithelium?

A

Protection
absorption
excretion (also forms glands)
sensory reception
movement of materials

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Muscle Tissue?

A 
Specialized for movement
Sliding filaments (actin/myosin)
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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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5
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

blood vessels, GI tract

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6
Q

What are the features of Skeletal Muscle?

A

striations (horizontal lines)
syncytium (multinuclear mass of cells)
nuclei on periphery (pushed there by actin and myosin)

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7
Q

What are the features of Smooth Muscle?

A

No striations
Centrally-located nuclei

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8
Q

What are the features of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Striations
Centrally-located nuclei
Intercalated Disk (connects two cardiac muscles in sequence)

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9
Q

What are the functions of Nerve Tissue?

A

Specialized for signal transmission
Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)
Peripheral Nervous System (ganglia and axons, [nerves])

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10
Q

What are the features of the brain?

A
  • Cortex (outer portion)
    • cell bodies
    • gray matter
  • Medulla (inner portion)
    • nerve fibers (myelinated)
    • white matter
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11
Q

What are the features of the Spinal Cord?

A
  • Gray Matter (medulla)
    • dorsal horn
    • ventral horn
  • Central canal (spinal fluid)
  • White matter (cortex)
  • Meninges (specialized connective tissue)
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12
Q

What are the features of Peripheral Nervous Tissue?

A

Axons (nerve fibers)

Schwann cells (make myelin sheath)

Fibroblasts

CCT

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13
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • Primarily structural
  • often the stroma of organs
    • parenchyma is the functional tissue
  • includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere
  • cells organized in special extracellular matrix
  • classified based on ECM, not cells
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14
Q

What are the properties of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Cells
    • mostly fibroblasts and immune cells
    • other specialized cells for specific functions
  • Collagen (or collagen-based) fibers in a matrix
  • Matrix contains carbohydrate-based protein complexes that retain water
    • absorb force
    • maintain shape
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15
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A
  • Embryonic
    • mesenchymal or mucous
  • Adult
    • CT proper (collagenous/elastic)
    • Specialized
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16
Q

What are the features of proper adult CT (collagenous/elastic)?

A

Loose

dense irregular

dense regular

reticular (not elastic)

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17
Q

What are the features of specialized adult CT?

A

supporting (bond/cartilage)

adipose

blood

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18
Q

How does the epithelium function for protection?

A

Skin

has water barrier

protects from mechanical abrasion, chemicals, bacteria, etc.

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19
Q

What characteristics help epithelium act as a barrier?

A

Avascular

Free surface

CT associated with epithelium for supports is vascular

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20
Q

How can epithelium acting as a barrier vary?

A
  • specific transport vs. diffusion
  • single layer vs. multiple layers
  • moist vs. dry
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21
Q

Define: Apical

A

faces the free surface (head)

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22
Q

Define: Basal

A

the bottom (feet)

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23
Q

Define: Lateral

A

the sides

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24
Q

Is epithelium polar or nonpolar? why?

A

Epithelial cells are polar because their ends are different (one end is apical, the other is basal)

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25
What are the functions of squamous epithelium?
allows diffusion and transport across the membrane
26
What are the functions of cuboidal cells?
act as a lining some absorption and secretion
27
What are the functions of columnar cells?
specialized excretion and absorption
28
Define: Simple
one layer
29
Define: Stratified
multiple layers name based on top layer
30
What are the two exceptions to cell type naming?
Pseudostratified Transitional
31
Define: Pseudostartified
one layer, looks like 2+ cells look like they are in different layers but are on the same surface columnar cells are next to basal cells not above or below basal cells
32
Define: transitional
stretches cells can slide past one another making it look stratified cells change shape depending on if it is stretched or not umbrella (domed) cells in urinary tract
33
Define: Basement Membrane
* Separates epithelium from underlying CT * Matrix of proteins and carbohydrates * Basal lamina * epithelially-derived * Lamina reticularis * CT-derived
34
What are the functions of the basement membrane?
* Structural Support * framework for cells to attach * Molecular Filter * additional barrier * Regulate migration of cells * immune cells → send out to epithelial cells * Regeneration (wound healing) * Regulation and signaling
35
What are Apical Modifications?
Found on the free surface used in nomenclature strong functional relevance
36
What are the three types of apical modifications?
Cilia (movement) Microvilli (surface area) Stereocilia (sensory)
37
Define: Cilia
microtubule core surrounded by plasma membrane developed from basal bodies 9+2 arrangement wispy structures move material along the apical surface
38
Define: Microvilli
actin core anchor to terminal web (web of actin) increase surface area of cell tight brush border
39
Define: Stereocilia
actin core long and branched tend to clump thin used for detection with receptors
40
What are Cell-Cell Junctions?
found in many tissue types prominent and important in epithelial tissue b/c of its barrier function attach and anchor cells (lateral/basal surface) seal adjacent cell membranes form channels between cells support the barrier function of cells
41
How are Cell-Cell Junctions seen in Light Microscopy?
not well around the entire cell terminal bar
42
How are Cell-Cell Junctions seen on electron microscopy?
* Higher resolution * Able to see: * Zonula occuldens (line) * Zonula adherens (line) * Macula adherens (spots)
43
Define: tight Junctions
# * define cell polarity * control the passage of substances between adjacent cells * have a belt like distribution like a ribbon internally bracing the cells and are associated with actin filaments
44
Define: Zonula adherens/belt Desmosomes
Anchoring junction has a beltlike distribution and is associated with actin filaments
45
Define: Macula adherens/spot desmosome
Anchoring junction has a spotlike distribution and is associated with intermediate filaments
46
Define: Hemidesmosome
link the basal domain of an epithelial cell to the basal lamina intermediate filaments are associated with a plaque
47
Define: Gap/communicating junctions
Connect functionally two adjacent cells A gap junction is formed by connexons, channel-like structures that enable the passage of small molecules (~1.3 kd) between cells
48
What are zonula occludens?
* tight junctions * most apical * helps maintain cell polarity * intracellular diffusion barrier * stops things from migrating between cells * involved in intracellular signaling
49
What are PDZ Domain Proteins?
recognize internal elements of junctions to initiate cell signaling pathways
50
What is the ZO-1 protein?
tumor suppressor
51
What is the ZO-2 protein?
epidermal GF signaling
52
what is the ZO-1,3 proteins?
attach to actin mediate actin binding
53
Define: Anchoring Junctions
Include Zonula Adherens and Macula Adherens (desmosomes) Mechanical stability by linking cytoskeleton of neighboring cells Found laterally and basally Structural integrity of epithelium participate in intra- and intercellular signalling
54
Define: Cadherins
anchoring proteins calcium-dependent transmembrane proteins bind microfilaments through catenins maintain epithelial continuity main adhesion proteins holding epithelial cells together in a sheet arrangement the removal of calcium disrupts tissue cohesiveness
55
Define: Integrins
* Consist of two subunits * have dual function: * bind to extracellular matrix * bind to internal cytoskeleton * not calcium dependent
56
Define: Gap junctions
* Lateral Surface * Made up of connexons * create pores between cells for communication * create continuity between cells * electrical (ions) * Metabolic (glucose and other small carbons)
57
How is a connexon created?
six connexin monomers assemble to form a hexameric connexon
58
What are the features of epithelial glands?
* grow down into connective tissue * secrete: * lubrication * modifiy pH * enzymes (digestion) * exocrine (duct) → has an exit * endocrine (no duct) → released within tissue and usually surrounded by alot of blood vessels
59
Define: Exocrine gland
a gland product is released onto the surface has an exit
60
Define: Endocrine gland
A gland product is released into the blood
61
How are glands classified?
* unicellular vs. multicellular * duct branching * secretory unit shape * type of secretion * mode of secretion
62
What is an example of unicellular glands?
goblet cells mucous cup on apical surface with stem extracellular gel containing water and glycoproteins
63
What is an example of multicellular glands?
sweat glands
64
Gland Classification: Duct Branching
Simple (no branching) Compound (branches)
65
Gland Classification: Secretory Unit Shape
Tubular (tube shaped) Acinar (ball shaped) Tubuloacinar (ball and tube shaped)
66
Gland Classification: Types of Secretion
Serous (protein, water) Mucous (Mucin/Lipid-Based) Mixed
67
Gland Classification: Mode of Secretion
Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine
68
Define: Merocrine Secretion
Vesicles fuse with apical surface to excrete contents most common basically exocytosis causes a net addition to plasma membrane
69
Define: Aprocrine Secretion
product released from apical surface is surrounded by cytoplasm and plasma membrane vesicle is pinched off around lipid often partners with merocrine secretion (milk production)
70
Define: Holocrine Secretion
Secretory cell dies, cell explodes and releases contents whole cell is secreted
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