Introduction To Bones

Question 1

What is the function of bones?

Answer 1

• Provides a framework
• Stores minerals
• Relies on hormone levels
• reacts to stress by making more bone (gives rise to the bumps and grooves that can be seen )
  
  • e.g. muscles that are increasing in size and strength
• is reabsorbed when no stress is placed on it (bone becomes thinner and more brittle)
  
  • loss of teeth

Question 2

What are the classification of bones?

Answer 2

Bones can be classified into different types based on their appearance:

• long bones: diaphysis with two epiphysis(humerus)
• Short bones: cuboidal shaped etc. (carpals)
• Flat bones: two layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between (skull bones)
• Pneumatic bones: bones that contain air spaces (mastoid)

Irregular bones: Bones with an irregular space (vertebrae)

Sesamoid: formed in a tendon (patella)

A bone can fit in more than one category

Question 3

What is the head of the bone?

Answer 3

One of the epiphyses. In most bones this is the most proximal portion (exception e.g., ulna)

Question 4

What is the tubercle of the bone?

Answer 4

A raised area of bone for muscles attachment

Question 5

What is the neck of the bone?

Answer 5

The portion that attaches the head of the diaphyses

Question 6

What is the tuberosity of the bone?

Answer 6

A roughening on bone fir muscle attachment

Question 7

What is the sulcus/ groove of the bone?

Answer 7

A groove on bone usually associated with a raised area and often has a tendon, nerve or blood vessel traveling through it

Question 8

What is the epicondyle of the bone?

Answer 8

A rounded/raised area superior to the Condyle

Question 9

What is the epicondyle ?

Answer 9

A rounded bony protrusion fir articulation

Question 10

What are the functions of depressions and openings?

Answer 10

Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, tendons ) or formation of joints

Eg., fissure, foramen, fossa, sulcus, meatus

Question 11

What are processes of a bone?

Answer 11

Projections or outgrowths on bone that form joints or attachment points for connective tissue, such as ligaments and tendons

Processes that form joints eg. Condyle, facet, head

Processes that form attachment points for connective tissue: eg., crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity

Question 12

Contrast the subdivision of the skeleton

Answer 12

Axial skeleton- midline bones forming the head, neck and trunk

Appendicular skeleton- bones of the limbs

Question 13

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 13

Form the central axis round which the other bones of the body are arranged

Question 14

What are the bones of the called vertebrae?

Answer 14

• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 fused sacral (pelvic girdle)
• 4 rudimentary fused coccygeal

These are joined together by intervertebral discs to form a flexible yet stable support (reinforced by ligaments)

Question 15

What are the typical features of the typical vertebra?

Answer 15

Body

Spinous process

2x transverse processes

2x lamina

2x pedicels

2x superior Articular facets

2x inferior Articular facets

Vertebral canal

Question 16

What is the uniqueness of the cervical region?

Answer 16

• transverse foramen

- bifid spinous process 3-5

Question 17

What is unique of the uniqueness of the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 17

• facets for rib articulations

- long spinous processes

Question 18

What is the unique of the lumbar region?

Answer 18

• massive body

- mammillary body

Question 19

Describe the typical rib

Answer 19

Flat bones

-Articulate with body and transverse pr9cess of vertebrae- posteriorly

Articulate with sternum anteriorly via costal cartilage

• True ribs- directly attached to sternum via costal cartilage ( 1-7)
• False ribs- indirectly attached to sternum via costal cartilage of 7th rib (8-10)
• floating ribs- not attached to sternum (11 & 12)

Costal groove contains neurovaascular bundle

Question 20

Where are the atypical ribs?

Answer 20

Correspond to atypical vertebrae

Major ribs: 1,11-12

Question 21

What is the sternum(breast bone)?

Answer 21

Flat bone

-Articulate with clavicle and costal cartilages

Question 22

Describe clavicle

Answer 22

Long bone

Oriented horizontally

Curved

• medial 2/3 convex
• lateral 1/3 concave

Inferior surface is rough due to muscle attachment

Articulates with scapula and sternum

Only connection between the upper limb and trunk

Question 23

What is a sacrum?

Answer 23

Fused vertebrae

Forms the center point of the pelvic girdle posteriorly