1
Q
What is a granuloma
A
- a collection of histocytes
- a form of chronic inflammation (type IV hypersensitivity)
2
Q
What is Quantiferon
A
- a blood test for TB
3
Q
What is apoptosis
A
Programmed cell death
4
Q
What is inflammation
A
A local physiological response to tissue injury, it is not a disease but a manifestation of a diseases
5
Q
Give 6 causes of inflammation
A
- microbial infection eg bacteria, viruses
- tissue necrosis e.g ischaemic infarction
- chemicals e.g corrosives, acids, alkalis and reducing agents
- hypersensitivity e.g parasites, tubercle bacilli
- bacteria toxins
- physical agents e.g trauma, uv (ionising radiation), burns, cold (frostbite)
6
Q
Give 5 systemic effects of inflammation
A
- Pyrexia
- Constitutional symptoms
- Weight loss
- Reactive hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system
- Haematological changes
- Amyloidosis
7
Q
Give 3 causes of increased vascular permeability based on immediate transient chemical mediators
A
- histamine
- bradykinin
- nitric oxide
- C5a
- leucotriene B4
- platelet activating factor
8
Q
Give 2 causes of increased vascular permeability based on delayed prolonged endothelial cell Injury,
A
- xrays
- bacterial toxins
9
Q
Give the 3 processes of acute inflammatory response
A
- Changes in vessel calibre and, consequently, flow
- Increased vascular permeability and formation of the fluid exudate
- Formation of the cellular exudate – emigration of the neutrophil polymorphs into the extravascular space.
10
Q
What is dolor
A
- Pain
- results partly from the stretching and distortion of tissues due to inflammatory oedema and, in particular, from pus under pressure in an abscess cavity
- bradykinin, the prostaglandins and serotonin, are known to induce pain
11
Q
What is tumor (inflammation)
A
Swelling
- results from oedema – the accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space as part of the fluid exudate
- formation of new connective tissue contributes to the swelling
12
Q
What is calor
A
Heat
- due to increased blood flow (hyperaemia) through the region, resulting in vascular dilatation and the delivery of warm blood to the area
- which results from some of the chemical mediators of inflammation, also contributes to the local temperature
13
Q
What is rubor
A
Redness
- due to dilatation of small blood vessels within the damaged area
14
Q
What are the 5 essential macroscopic appearances of acute inflammation
A
• Rubor • Calor • Tumor • Dolor Loss of function is also characteristic
15
Q
What is resolution
A
– initiating factor removed
– tissue undamaged or able to regenerate
16
Q
What is repair
A
– initiating factor still present
– tissue damaged and unable to regenerate
17
Q
Give 5 types of cells that regenerate
A
- hepatocytes
- pneumocytes
- all blood cells
- gut epithelium
- skin epithelium
- osteocytes
18
Q
Give 2 types of cells that don’t regenerate
A
- myocardial cells
* neurones
19
Q
What is within a plaque
A
- fibrous tissue
- lipids e.g cholesterol
- lymphocytes
- fibrous cap
20
Q
What is carcinogenesis
A
The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
- all carcinogens act on DNA
21
Q
What is oncogenesis
A
Synthesis of benign and malignant tumours
22
Q
What are carcinogens
A
Agents known or suspected to causes tumours
23
Q
How much of cancer risks are environmental
A
85%
24
Q
Give the 5 classes of carcinogens
A
- chemical
- viral
- ionising and non-ionising radiation
- hormones, parasites and mycotoxins
- miscellaneous
25
Give examples of 4 chemical carcinogens, the tumours they cause and how people might come in contact with these chemicals
1) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (chemical), lung cancer and skin cancer (tumour), smoking and mineral oils (contact)
2) aromatic amines (chemical), bladder cancer (tumour), rubber/dye workers (contact)
3) nitrosamines (chemical), gut cancer (tumour), in animals (contact)
4) alkylating agents (chemical), leukaemia (tumour), (risk in humans)
26
Give 4 premalignant conditions
- colonic polyps
- cervical dysplasia (CIN)
- ulcerative colitis
- undescended testis
27
What is an abscess
Acute inflammation with fibrotic wall
28
What is apoptosis
Programmed cell death
| - single cells
29
Which proteins promote apoptosis
Bax proteins stimulates caspases which carry out apoptosis
30
Which proteins inhibit apoptosis
The Bc12 proteins inhibit caspases which stops them from carrying out apoptosis
31
Which extracellular molecules promote apoptosis
The Fas receptor which is bound to by the Fas ligand, this complex stimulates the caspases which then carry out apoptosis
32
What is necrosis
Unprogrammed necrotic cell death
| - many cells
33
What is hypertrophy
Increase in size of tissue due to increase in size of constituent cells
34
What is hyperplasia
Increase in size of tissue due to increase in number of constituent cells
35
What is atrophy
Decrease in size of tissue due to decrease in number or size of constituent cells
36
What is metaplasia
Change in differentiation of cell from stem cell from one fully differentiated type to another e.g Barrett’s oesophagus, ciliated respiratory epithelium to squamous cells in smokers
37
What is dysplasia
Changes seen in cells progressing to cancerous
38
What is a tumour
An abnormal swelling
39
What is a neoplasm
A lesion that is autonomous, abnormal growth, persistent after the initiating stimulus has been removed with new growth
40
Do basal cell carcinoma kill
No - Basal cell carcinoma of the skin only invades locally and it never spreads to other parts of the body
41
Treatment for basal cell carcinoma
Full excision - cut it all out
42
Which tumours commonly spread to bone
```
Breast
Prostrate
Lung
Kidney
Thyroid
```
43
What is a papilloma and give an example
Benign tumour of non-glandular, non- secretory epithelium e.g squamous cell papilloma
44
What is an adenoma and give an example
Benign tumour of glandular or secretory epithelium e.g colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma
45
What is a carcinoma
Malignant epithelial neoplasm
| Malignant tumour of epithelial cells e.g urothelial carcinoma
46
What is Xeroderma pugmentosum
A condition where damage DNA cannot be repaired
47
Give 7 examples of benign connective tissue neoplasms
```
Lipoma = adipocytes
Chondroma = cartilage
Osteoma = bone
Angioma = vascular
Rhabdomyoma = strained muscle
Leiomyoma (fibroid) = smooth muscle
Neuroma = nerves
```
48
Give 6 examples of malignant connective tissue neoplasms
```
Liposarcoma = adipose tissue
Rhabdomyosarcoma = striated muscle
Leiomyosarcoma = smooth muscle
Chondrosarcoma = cartilage
Osteosarcoma = bone
Angiosarcoma = blood vessels
```
49
Give 4 conditions ending in ‘-omas’ that are not neoplasms
```
Granuloma = inflammation
Mycetoma = fungus in the lung
Tuberculoma = collection of inflammation caused by TB
```
50
Well differentiated in terms of tumours means
Closely resembles normal tissue
- also dictates the grade
- the more it resembles normal tissue, the lower the tumour grade
51
Poorly differentiated in terms of tumours means
Does not resemble normal tissue
52
What does anaplastic mean
The cell type origin of the tumour is unknown
53
Which malignant tumours are not called carcinoma or sarcomas
melanoma = malignant neoplasms of melanocytes
Mesothelioma = malignant neoplasms of mesothelioma cells
Lymphoma = malignant neoplasms of lymphoid cells
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Grawitz tumour
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Teratoma = tumour from all 3 embryonic layers
54
Main effector cell in a acute inflammation
Neutrophil
55
What is a sarcoma
Malignant connective tissue neoplasms
56
Give an example of malignant epithelial neoplasms
Adenocarcinomas = carcinomas of glandular epithelium
Phase 2a
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