Ionizing Radiation

Question 1

Anything that has mass and occupies a space

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

The _____ is the basic unit of all
matter

Answer 2

atom

Question 3

What is the composition in the nucleus of an atom?

Answer 3

Protons + Neutrons

Question 4

What is the atomic mass (A)?

Answer 4

Number of protons + neutrons

Question 5

What is the atomic number (Z)?

explain why important

Answer 5

Number of protons

• determines identity of the atom

Question 6

Protons and electrons are the same # in a _______ atom

Answer 6

neutral

Question 7

What is the binding energy?

Answer 7

The MINIMUM amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell.

Question 8

What is binding energy measured in?

Answer 8

electron Volts (eV)

Question 9

Within a given atom, inner shells electrons are _____ tightly bound

Answer 9

more

Question 10

The more protons (higher atomic number) the electrons are ______ tightly bound

Answer 10

more

Question 11

Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from an neutral atom

Answer 11

ionization

Question 12

If a neutral atom loses an electron becomes a ________ ion and the free
electron becomes a ________ ion.

Answer 12

positive
negative

Question 13

What is radiation?

Answer 13

the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter

Question 14

transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter as a combination of electric and magnetic fields

Answer 14

Electromagnetic Radiation

Question 15

What form/theory describes electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 15

wave theory AND quantum (particles) theory

Question 16

Which radiation theory explains the propagation of radiation?

Answer 16

wave theory

only explains the way x-ray travels

Question 17

Which radiation theory explains the interaction of radiation with matter?

Answer 17

quantum theory

considers them as particles even though not particles

Question 18

Which theory concerns electromagnetic radiation?

Answer 18

wave theory

Question 19

What is the distance between two successive crests?

(between wave peaks)

Answer 19

wavelength

Question 20

What is the number of wavelengths passing a particular point in time?

Answer 20

frequency

Question 21

High energy radiation: _____ frequency, _____ wavelength

Answer 21

High frequency
short wavelength

Question 22

Low energy radiation: ____ frequency, _____ wavelength

Answer 22

Low frequency
Long wavelength

Question 23

What is the speed of radiation in wave theory?

Answer 23

speed of light

Question 24

How are wavelength and frequency related in the wave theory of radiation?

Answer 24

inversely proportional

double 1 = half other

Question 25

What is the definition of non-ionizing waves?

Answer 25

Does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

Question 26

What are examples of non-ionizing waves?

Answer 26

- radio waves - microwaves - infrared radiation - visible light - UV

Question 27

What are examples of ionizing waves?

Answer 27

- x-rays - gamma rays - a little UV

Question 28

What are the different types of waves?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is quantum theory?

Answer 29

explains the interaction of radiation with matter ## Footnote considers electromagnetic radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called "photons"

Question 30

Quantum theory considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called...

Answer 30

photons ## Footnote particles = photons (but no mass)

Question 31

Each photon has...

Answer 31

- energy (eV) - NO mass - travels in straight lines at the speed of light ## Footnote wave-like in refraction, reflection, diffraction, polarization, etc. particle-like in energy exchanges (interaction w matter) photons deliver energy in discrete amounts

Question 32

Quantum theory of radiation has particles that are usually charged besides...

Answer 32

neutrons and x-rays

Question 33

What is energy in the wave theory equation? | in relation to frequency and wavelength

Answer 33

Directly proportional to frequency, inversely proportional to wavelength.

Question 34

distinguish particulate radiation vs electromagnetic

Answer 34

particulate radiation: massive particles (matter) electromagnetic radiation: massless photons (energy packets)

Question 35

High frequency means short wavelength → _____ energy

Answer 35

High

Question 36

Low frequency means long wavelength → ____ energy

Answer 36

Low

Question 37

What are other examples of particles/photons in the quantum theory of radiation?

Answer 37

alpha beta+ beta- electron neutron proton

Question 38

Which photon has the most charge, most weight, and is very useful in cancer treatment?

Answer 38

alpha particle

Question 39

What is linear energy transfer (LET)?

Answer 39

Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter

Question 40

What is best for creating an image: low LET or high LET?

Answer 40

low LET

Question 41

What changes linear energy transfer (LET)? | aka depends on: ## Footnote three factors

Answer 41

Depends on velocity, charge and size

Question 42

# KNOW ______ velocity ______ charge _______ size = greater LET

Answer 42

lower velocity higher charge bigger size

Question 43

Higher linear energy transfer (LET) has _____ penetration

Answer 43

less ## Footnote (they lose their energy after short distances)

Question 44

Why do higher LET have less penetration?

Answer 44

they lose their energy after short distances

Question 45

What are x-rays? (according to wave theory)

Answer 45

-weightless packages of pure energy (photons) -without an electrical charge -which travel in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength -travel at the speed of light -are able to ionize matter.

Question 46

What are the properties of x-rays?

Answer 46

1. Invisible, weightless (depends on theory), *no electric charge* 2. Travels in straight lines. (depends on theory)...x-ray beam diverges over distance 3. Travel at the speed of light 4. Highly penetrating (short wavelengths = 0.01-0.1nm) 5. Differentially absorbed by matter 6. Can ionize matter 7. Produce biological changes

Question 47

X-rays travel in straight lines but in what direction?

Answer 47

X-ray beam diverges over distance

Question 48

X-rays have a high or low LET

Answer 48

low LET

Question 49

# term: When the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, electron is NOT ejected

Answer 49

excitation

Question 50

the amount of energy that en electron gains as it is accelerated by a potential difference of 1V

Answer 50

ev (electron volt)

Question 51

What happens after an electron is excited but not ionized?

Answer 51

Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level ## Footnote (raised to a higher energy level within the orbit..)

Question 52

The binding energy is: a. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its shell b. The maximum energy required to remove an electron from its shell c. The minimum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus d. The maximum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus

Answer 52

a. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from its shell

Question 53

Which of the following is false regarding the wave theory of x-radiation? a. X-rays have a mass b. Increased frequency means short wavelengths c. X-rays travel at the speed of light in a vacuum d. The waves are formed as a combination of electro and magnetic fields

Answer 53

a. X-rays have a mass

Question 54

The higher the mass and charge, the higher the LET – True – False

Answer 54

– True

Question 55

Microwaves are ionizing – True – False

Answer 55

False

Question 56

Considering elements A and B. Is the following statement true or false? – To remove an electron from the K shell of element B requires more energy than element A. Element A (atomic number 100) Element B (atomic number 110)

Answer 56

True