1
Q
Part 61 Manual of Standards - General
7
CASR 61.035
A
- Sets out matters relating to flight crew licenses
- Sets out standards for knowledge required for granting of a license, rating or endorsement
- flight training
- flight tests
- flight reviews
- general operating competencies for aircraft class or type
- instrument proficiency checks
- other proficiency checks
2
Q
Validity of an Instrument Proficiency Check
3
CASR 61.880
A
IPC valid:
- from the period holder passes flight test to the end of the 12th month after the month in which holder passes test
Or
- for the period during which holder is successfully participating in operators training and checking system for IFR operation in relevant aircraft
If holder passes IPC for relevant aircraft within 3 months before validity of existing check expires then IPC is valid to the end of the 12th month after validity of the existing check
3
Q
Privileges and Limitations of Instrument Rating
7
CASR 61.855 - 61.860
A
Holder of IR is authorised to pilot an AC:
- under the IFR; or
- at night under the VFR
Holder of IR is authorised to:
- conduct IAP only if AC is equipped for that kind of operation
- pilot an AC single pilot under IFR only if holder has passed a flight test or check in a single pilot AC
- conduct a circling approach under IFR only if:
- holder passes test or check in last 12 months that included circling approach or
- holder is successfully participating in operators training and checking system that includes circling
- conduct IAP only if holder has completed training for that IAP and deemed competent by examiner
4
Q
Recent Experience Requirements
Fly IFR
Fly particular AC category
2D/3D/Azimuth/CDI
CASR 61.870
A
To fly IFR - 3 IAP in last 90 days
To pilot particular category of AC - 1 IAP in same category AC in last 90 days
To fly 2D/3D/Azimuth/CDI - 1 IAP in that category in last 90 days
Considered to be met if holder is:
- has completed OPC that covers IFR in previous 3 months or
- successfully participating in an operators training and checking system for IFR operations
5
Q
Limitation on IFR single pilot operations
3
CASR 61.875
A
- Holder of IR authorised to pilot AC IFR single pilot only if holder has conducted flight or simulated flight under IFR single pilot in last 6 months
- Flight or simulated flight must:
- have duration of at least one hour; and
- includes one IAP or simulated IAP
6
Q
Aircraft Equipment RPT/CHTR/AWK(Air Ambulance/Flying Doctor)
3
CAO 20.18 para 4
A
AC engaged in RPT/CHTR/AWK as air ambulance or flying doctor must not be operated IFR unless it is equipped with serviceable autopilot that has:
- roll and pitch axis
- automatic heading capability
- altitude hold capability
In spite of above AC without AP may be operated IFR if AC:
- is equipped with dual controls and
- carries second pilot who is authorised to fly IFR
If AP engaged in CHTR or AWK as ambulance or flying doctor loses capability stated above, it can still be operated IFR single pilot if it is deemed safe to do so within 3 day period commencing on the day auto pilot loses capability.
7
Q
Assigned Altitude Indicator
2
CAO 20.18
A
Piston engines AC and unpressurized turbine AC operating above 15,000ft in CTA under IFR exc NVFR shall be equipped with altitude altering system
Unless equipped with altitude altering system, an aircraft operating in CTA under IFR exc NVFR shall be equipped with an assigned altitude indicator
8
Q
Serviceability of instruments
4
CAO 20.18 para 10
A
For CHTR or RPT, all instruments and equipment must be serviceable before takeoff unless:
- approved by CASA,
- part of an MEL or the unserviceable instrument or
- equipment is a passenger convenience item only.
9
Q
Instruments required for VFR PVT/AWK/CHTR (exc NVFR CHTR) not greater than 5700kg
4(2)
CAO 20.18
A
- ASI
- ALT
- T+S (CHTR & AWK)
- Compass
- Clock (can be worn)
- OAT (CHTR & AWK)
10
Q
Instruments required for IFR CHTR (exc freight only CHTR) not greater than 5700kg
9
CAO 20.18
A
- 2 X AH (duplicated power supply required)
- ASI (pitot heat required with alternate static or dual ports)
- 2 X ALT (with alternate static or dual ports)
- VSI (with alternate static or dual ports)
- T+S (gyroscopic power supply indications and duplicated power supply required)
- DG (duplicated power supply required)
- Compass
- Clock
- OAT
11
Q
Instruments required for IFR AWK, NVFR CHTR and freight only CHTR not greater than 5700kg
9
CAO 20.18
A
- AH (exc for NVFR, duplicated power supply required unless T+S has power supply seperate to other gyroscopic instruments)
- ASI (exc for NVFR, pitot heat required with alternate static or dual ports)
- ALT (with alternate static or dual ports)
- VSI (with alternate static or dual ports, not required for NVFR)
- T+S (gyroscopic power supply indications and exc for NVFR, duplicated power supply required unless T+S has power supply seperate to other gyroscopic instruments)
- DG (exc for NVFR, duplicated power supply required unless T+S has power supply seperate to other gyroscopic instruments)
- Compass
- Clock (can be worn)
- OAT
12
Q
Electric lighting for IFR day and night (including NVFR)
7
CAO 20.18 Appendix V & para 4
A
- instrument illumination
- intensity control
- 2 X landing lights (exc PVT, AWK & CHTR freight only requires only 1)
- pax compartment lights
- pilot compartment lights
- position and anti-collision lights
- shock proof torch
13
Q
Radio navigation systems - RPT / CHTR / AWK / PVT
3
AIP GEN 1.5 para 2
A
- 1 X 129 GNSS or later and 1 X ADF or VOR (if 129 and need alternate, navigation to alternate needs to be with ground based navaids and alternate has approach that uses ground based aids or can be done in VMC)
- 2 X 145 GNSS or later
Or 1 multi sensor navigation system that includes GNSS and inertial integration (must be CASA approved)
14
Q
Communications Failure - VFR Class G
4
ERSA EMERG 1.5
A
- Remain VMC
- Broadcast intentions with “TRANSMITTING BLIND”
- Remain VFR in Class G and land at nearest suitable aerodrome
- Cancel SAR if required
15
Q
Comms Failure - Controlled/Restricted airspace or IFR in any airspace VMC
4
ERSA EMERG 1.5
A
- Squawk 7600
- Listen out on ATIS or voice modulated navaids
- Transmit intentions and position reports as per normal prefixing with “transmitting blind”
- Stay in VMC and land at nearest suitable AD (special procedures class D)
16
Q
Comms Failure - Controlled/Restricted airspace or IFR in any airspace IMC
7
ERSA EMERG 1.5
A
- Squawk 7600
- Listen out on ATIS or voice modulated navaids
- Transmit intentions and position reports as per normal prefixing with “transmitting blind”
- If no clearance received and acknowledged, proceed in accordance with latest ATC route clearance acknowledged and climb planned level
- If given altitude or route restriction, maintain last assigned level or MSA if higher for 3 minutes then proceed with latest ATC route clearance acknowledged and climb planned level
- If receiving ATS surveillance service climb to MSA/LSALT and if being vectored maintain last assigned vector for 2 minutes then proceed in accordance with latest ATC route clearance acknowledged
- If holding fly one more complete pattern then proceed in accordance with latest ATC route clearance acknowledged
17
Q
Comms Failure - Destination Procedures & Actions at Minima
8
ERSA EMERG 1.5
A
- Track to destination according to FP amended by latest ATC clearance acknowledged if applicable
- Commence descent in accordance with SOP or FP
- Descend to the initial approach altitude for most suitable approach aid in accordance with published procedures
- Carry out approach to prescribed minima
- If visual at minima at uncontrolled AD continue to land if safe. If visual at controlled AD continue to land if clearance is received from tower via voice modulated navaid or light signal from tower
- If not visual depart for suitable alternate
- If insufficient fuel to proceed to alternate pilot can hold or carry out additional approaches until visual
- Certain class D ADs have specific comms failure procedures
18
Q
Take Off Distance Required AC < 5700kg
3
CAO 20.7.4
A
Charts for short dry grass, achieve TOSS at 50ft at achievable distance multiplied by:
- 1.15 < 2000kg or less MTOW
- 1.25 > 3500kg or greater MTOW
- in between 2000-3500kg use linear interpolation
May already be factored in manufacturers data
19
Q
Take Off Climb Performance
5
CAO 20.7.4
A
All AC types
- landing gear extended
- TOSS
- without ground effect
- all engines at T/O power
6%
20
Q
Enroute Climb Performance for MEA IFR CHTR OR AWK
6
CAO 20.7.4
A
1% at all heights up to 5000ft ISA
- critical engine failure
- prop of inop engine stopped
- undercarriage and flaps retracted
- remaining engine at max cont. power
- airspeed not less than 1.2 Vs
21
Q
Enroute Climb Performance MEA all other Operations other than IFR CHTR/AWK
6
CAO 20.7.4
A
Must have ability to MAINTAIN height at all heights up to 5000ft ISA
- critical engine failure
- prop of inop engine stopped
- undercarriage and flaps retracted
- remaining engine at max cont. power
- airspeed not less than 1.2 Vs
22
Q
Enroute Climb Performance SEA
4
CAO 20.7.4
A
- 5% at all heights up to 5000ft ISA
- engine at MCP
- gear and flap retracted
- airspeed not less than 1.2 Vs
23
Q
Landing Climb Performance
4
CAO 20.7.4
A
All AC types in landing configuration must have 3.2% climb gradient in ISA
- landing config
- all engines at T/O power
- not exceeding 1.3 Vs
24
Q
Landing Distance Required
4
CAO 20.7.4
A
Charts for short dry grass and not less than 1.3 Vs to 50 ft, come to complete stop from 50ft within achievable distance multiplied by
- 1.15 < 2000kg or less MTOW
- 1.43 > 4500kg or greater MTOW
- in between 2000-4500kg use linear interpolation
25
VMC
4
AIP ENR 1.2 para 2
```
Class G
5km vis (8km ABV 10,000ft)
1500m horizontal
1000ft vertical
(Below 3000ft AMSL or 1000ft AGL can remain clear of cloud and in sight of ground or water if radio carried and on appropriate frequency)
```
```
Class D
5km vis
600m horizontal
1000ft above
500ft below
```
Class C & E
(Same as G without the exception)
26
Transponder Codes
3
AIP ENR 1.6 para 7.1.4
1200 - VFR Class E or OCTA
2000 - IFR OCTA
3000 - Class E or civil flights in CTA
27
Alternate Requirements
8 including requirement for alternate definition
AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.7.1.2
Alternate must be suitable destination for flight and
Not an aerodrome that needs an alternate aerodrome also
Alternates Could Very Well Prove Life Savers
```
Aids
Cloud
Vis
Wind
Provisional Forecast / Probability Deterioration
Lights
Storms
```
28
Alternate Requirements - Aids IFR D/N & NVFR
9
AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.7.3
RPT/CHTR - destination has radio navaid with IAP and AC is fitted with two independent and seperate radio nav systems capable of using navaid; or
- Destination has two separate and independent radio navaids with IAP and AC has two independent and seperate radio nav systems capable of using navaids
AWK/PVT - destination must have radio navaid with IAP and AC is fitted with radio nav system capable of using aid
IFR BY DAY no alternate required to AD with no radio navaid if:
- not more than SCT cloud forecast below final route segment LSALT plus 500ft and forecast vis not less than 8km; and
- navigated via approved nav systems or +/- 9° tracking error of last postive fix come within rated coverage of aid that can positively fix AC with fixes no more than 2 hours apart or by visual reference to the ground or water by day in VMC where 30min visual fixes apply
NVFR - alternate within 1 hour unless:
- destination is served by radio navaid (NDB/VOR) and AC can use aid or
- AC is fitted with GNSS receiver appropriate (TSO C129+) for NVFR and pilot is qualified (AIP GEN 1.5 sec 2)
29
Alternate Requirements - Clouds, Vis & Wind
6
AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.7.2
Unless operating day VFR within 50nm of departure, need alternate when arrival is during currency of up to 30 minutes before forecast commencement of:
Cloud more than SCT below alternate minimum
Vis less than alternate minimum or forecast of deterioration below minimum
Crosswind or tailwind more than max for AC, including gusts
30
Alternate Requirements - Provisional and Probability
2
AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.7.1.3/11.7.2
Provisional Forecast needs alternate
Prob of conditions reducing below minimum need alternate
31
Alternate Requirements - Lighting
6
AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.8.3.1
PAL lighting needs to be on 10 minutes before departure to at least 30 minutes after takeoff and arrival at least 30 minutes before ETA to end of landing and taxi
If not permanent lighting with standby always need responsible person otherwise need alternate
Alternate doesn't need standby power
Alternate aerodrome lighting requirements RPT or single VHF needs lighting that is NOT PAL or PAL with responsible person
Alternate lighting requirements non RPT, cargo only RPT or RPT below 3500kg MTOW PAL without responsible person but AC must have
- dual VHF or VHF and HF and 30 min holding fuel in event of failure of VHF to alert ground staff
Or holding fuel till BoD plus 10 minutes
32
Alternate Requirements - Storms
3
AIP ENR 1.1 para 11.7.2.5
Carry
Inter - 30 min holding fuel
Tempo - 60 min holding fuel
OR
Fuel for ALT
33
Special Alternate Weather Minima
4
AIP ENR 1.5 para 6.2
Use for AC with dual ILS/VOR capability or one marker receiver and DME
Denoted by ** next to alternate title on charts with special minima
Not available when:
- local METAR/SPECI or forecasting services are not available or
- airport control service not provided
34
Altimeter Checks IFR
5
AIP ENR 1.7 para 1.1
Altimeter accuracy needs to be checked at some point before take off with known elevation and accurate QNH (can check twice in two separate locations if first try is unserviceable)
Must read within 60ft. If excess +/- 75ft altimeter is unserviceable.
When two ALTs required for flight, if second ALT reads error between 60-75ft flight IFR to first point is approved to re-check. If second check error is more than 60ft second altimeter is unserviceable.
Two ALTs but only need one, one needs to read within 60ft. Second one error excess 75ft must be placarded unserviceable.
If only fitted with one ALT can fly to first point of error if between 60-75ft to re-check. If error is greater than 60ft it must be considered unserviceable.
35
VFR Altimeters
2
AIP ENR 1.7 para 1.3
With accurate QNH VFR ALT should read elevation to within 100ft (110ft at sites above 3300ft). If aircraft with two VFR ALT has one continue to read excess of 100ft error it is unserviceable.
36
Accurate QNH and Site Elevation
2
AIP ENR 1.7 para 1.4
QNH accurate if provided by ATIS, tower or auto remote reporting AD sensor.
Site elevation only accurate if from Airservices or supplied by aerodrome owner
37
Take Off Minima - IFR non qualifying MEA
6
AIP ENR 1.5 para 4.4
- Cloud not more than SCT below 300ft AGL
- Vis of 2000m
PIC must ensure:
- terrain clearance assured until LSALT or AD MSA and
- if return to AD not possible, performance and fuel adequate for alternate having regard to terrain and distance
Condition use of minima:
- if return to land in event of engine failure meteorological conditions are at or above minima for IAP or visual approach and
- if engine failure occurs terrain clearance is assured in IMC to LSALT or AD MSA
38
Take Off Minima - IFR QUALIFYING MEA
8
AIP ENR 1.5 para 4.3
- 0ft ceiling and
- vis 800m (or 550m day with tower open, secondary power switch over of 1 second or less for RWY lights and min 60m RWY edge lighting AIP ENR 1.5 para 4.3.2)
Qualifying MEA is:
- 2 pilot operated or
- single pilot jet or
- single pilot prop with operative autofeather
And
- AC MTOW > 5700kg can meet obstacle requirements of CAO 20.7.1B and
- AC MTOW < 5700kg 1.9% climb gradient performance with loss of critical engine and
- AC engine out climb gradient in manufacturers data is at least 0.3% greater than obstacle free gradient for RWY length required and
- pilot uses published obstacle free gradients only if surveyed to at least 7500m from end of TODA
For two pilot ops each pilot is:
- endorsed on type and
- Multi crew trained on type and
- Multi crew prof checked previous 13 months and
- instrument rated
39
Local QNH, Area QNH & Transition Layers
5
AIP ENR 1.7 para 2
Ops at or below transition altitude (altimeter setting region) reference will be:
- current local QNH or station along route within 100nm of AC or
- current area forecast QNH if local is unknown
In Standard Pressure Region reference is 1013.2hPa
Position to change QNH
- on climb passing 10,000ft prior to levelling off or
- On descent to level in altimeter setting region prior to entering Transition Layer
40
Navigation Requirements Under IFR
3
AIP ENR 1.1 para 4.1
AC IFR must be navigated by:
- approved area navigation system that meets performance requirements of airspace or route or
- radio nav systems where after making allowance for track errors +/- 9° from last positive fix AC will come into rated coverage of radio aid that can be used as a fix. Not more than 2 hours between fixes (distance able to be flown = 6.66 X rated coverage) or
- VMC rules 30 min fixes via visual reference to ground or water
41
Deviations in CTA
5
AIP ENR 1.1 para 4.1.6
Must notify ATC if deviated by:
NDB +/- 5°
VOR half scale deflection
RNAV/RNP nav error plus flight technical error exceeded
DME +/- 2nm
Visual 1nm
42
Sector Entries
4
AIP ENR 1.5 para 3.4
Sector 1 parallel (110°)
Sector 2 offset/teardrop (70°)
Sector 3 direct
RH holds are standard
43
Holding Limitations
5
AIP ENR 1.5 para 3.3
Speed
Up to and including FL140 230/170 CAT A&B ONLY
ABV FL140 240
ABV FL200 265
Timing outbound begins abeam fix or on attaining outbound heading whichever later
Time/distance outbound
Up to FL140 1 min or time/distance on chart
Above FL140 1.5 min or time/distance on chart
Turns in nil wind should be 25° AoB or rate one whichever is less
Wind allowance should be made in heading and in timing
44
Types of IAP
4
Part 61 MoS V2 Sched2 Sec5
2D
3D
Azimuth
CDI
45
Setting QNH before IAF
6
AIP ENR 1.5 para 5.3
Before passing IAF pilots need to set
- actual QNH from approved source or
- TAF QNH or
- forecast area QNH
Shaded background minima titles is using TAF QNH
Shaded background minima can be reduced by 100ft if actual QNH is used (ATIS, AWIS, TWR, CASA approved met observer). Valid for 15 min from time of receipt (METAR does not meet requirements)
If forecast QNH is used minima must be increased by 50ft
46
Pressure Error Correction
2
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.19.3
PEC is in AFM. If no charts for PEC add 50ft to DA
47
Flying Below Lowest Safe Altitude
5
AIP GEN 3.3 para 4
Don't vector in very close
```
DME/GNSS arrival
Vectors
IAP or hold
VMC by day
Climb after takeoff
```
48
Descent Below Straight in MDA
3
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.8.2
Descent Below MDA or DA only when
- visual reference can be maintained
- all minima are equal or greater than those for AC category and
- landing can be made at normal rates of descent withing touch down zone of intended RWY
49
Circling Approaches and Visual Circling
7
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.7.6
During visual circling descent below circling MDA may only occur when pilot:
- maintains AC in circling area and
- maintains vis not less than specified and
- maintains visual contact with landing RWY environment (approach lighting etc)
Then pilot may:
- by day = when obstacles can be seen, descend below MDA from any position within circling area maintaining obstacle clearance (OCA) not less than required for category
- by night = in circling area of downwind base or final, continuous descent from MDA to threshold using normal rates and manoeuvres for AC
Must not descend below OCA till aligned with RWY
Visual circling prohibited in no circling area by day in less than VMC and at night
50
Circling Areas
10
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.7
```
A = 1.68nm, 300ft
B = 2.66nm, 300ft
C = 4.20nm, 400ft
D = 5.28nm, 400ft
E = 6.94nm, 500ft
```
51
Approach Speeds - CAT B
6
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.16
Vat = 91-120kts
Initial & intermediate approach speeds = 120-180kts (140kts A&B only)
Final approach speeds = 85-130kts
Max speed circling = 135kts
Max speed MAP = 150
52
Instrument Approach Tolerances - ILS
3
AIP ENR 1.5 para 7.3
FAF/OUTER MARKER is a fix where glidepath and altimeter should be verified AV = IKANO 5.3 AV GPS 1340
Should be maintained within half scale delfection
After FAF, full scale deflection LOC or GS MAP must be commenced
53
Instrument Approach Tolerances - Flight Tests
5
Part 61 MoS
±5° azimuth
±1/2 scale deflection CDI
Within RNP value
Minimum altitude tolerance +100ft, -0ft at MDA
54
DME/GNSS Arrivals - Clearance & Restrictions
8
AIP ENR 1.5 para 11
Restrictions for DGA
- database medium current and endorsed by receiver manufacturer
- coordinates of destination VOR/NDB cannot be modified
- RAIM must be available before descending below LSALT or MSA
- nominated azimuth aid (VOR or NDB) must provide track guidance during procedure
- if GPS suspect conduct MAP
Cleared DGA arrival, ATC cannot restrict altitude
In CTA and cleared for DGA must not orbit or hold, won't be cleared by ATC
DGA clearance includes clearance to manoeuvre within circling area to land
55
Visual Approaches - issued by ATC
8
AIP ENR 1.1 para 2.11.8.1
DAY IFR
- within 30nm of AD and
- established visual and can continue with visual reference to ground or water and
- vis not less than 5000m or airport is in sight
NIGHT IFR
- within 30nm of AD and
- established visual and can continue with visual reference to ground or water and
- vis not less than 5000m or airport is in sight and
- ATS surveillance, assigned MVA and given heading or tracking instructions to intercept final or circling area
VFR day or night only within 30nm
56
Tracking Requirements for Visual Approach - ATC
5
AIP ENR 1.1 para 2.11.8.4
PIC must maintain track or heading on route progressively authorised by ATC until
- by day, within 5nm or
- by night IFR in circling area or
- NVFR 3nm and
- in sight of AD
From this position CCT must be joined as directed by ATC
57
Visual Approach Minimum Altitude Requirements - ATC
9
AIP ENR 1.1 para 2.11.8.7
By day
- IFR not less than 500ft above LL CTA and
- VFR not below LSALT permissible for VFR (CAR 157)
By night
IFR
- not less than LSALT/MSA or DGA step, or 500ft above LL CTA if higher or
- ATS surveillance last assigned altitude
Until
- in circling area for category or higher category and AD is in sight or
- within 5nm (7nm for ILS equipped RWY), aligned with RWY centerline not below on slope on TVASIS or PAPI or
- within 10nm (14nm 16L & 34L at SY) not below ILS GS and less than full azimuth deflection
NVFR
- not below 1000ft above highest obstacle within 10nm of AC (CAR 174B) within 3nm and AD is insight.
58
Visual Approaches - by pilot
12
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.15
Need not commence or discontinue IAP
By day
- within 30nm
- clear of cloud
- sight of ground and water
- 5km vis or AD in sight
- not less than CAR 157 to circling area
By night
- clear of cloud
- sight of ground and water
- vis 5km
- within circling area or
- 5nm on PAPI or
- 7nm on PAPI (ILS RWY) or
- 10nm on GS
59
Landing Minima
8
AIP ENR 1.5 para 4.7
AD without IAP
IFR day - visual approach requirements
IFR night - VMC from LSALT within 3nm
AD with IAP non precision (not ILS)
IFR day and night - as specified on chart except when HIAL not available vis for LOC must be +900m
AD w/CAT I procedures
Published DA and minima may be used except
- min vis 1.5km required when HIAL not available and
- min vis 1.2km unless AC flown with flight director or HUDLS or autopilot coupled LOC & GP and
- AC has serviceable failure warning system for AHRS and
- high intensity RWY edge lighting is available
- min vis 0.8km if threshold RVR is not available
60
Missed Approaches
7
AIP ENR 1.5 para 1.10.1
So Not Visual ROFL
```
Straight in landing and circling approach not possible under conditions at minima or better
Not visual at DA/MAPt
RAIM warning or loss after IAF
Outside tolerance during final segment
Failure or suspect aid below MSA
Lost visual reference during circling
```
IPC 2020
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
