IPHP

Question 1

Enabled mankind to survive and reach the present level of our civilization.

Answer 1

Knowledge

Question 2

A science devoted to the discovery of the proper
method of acquiring and validating knowledge.

Answer 2

Epistemology

Question 3

A mental grasp of reality reached either by perceptual observation or by a process of reason based on perceptual observation.

Answer 3

Knowledge

Question 4

Purpose of Epistemology

Answer 4

1. To show how we can acquire knowledge.
2. To give us a method of demonstrating whether the knowledge we acquired is really knowledge.

Question 5

We can acquire knowledge using our senses:
seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling, smelling.

Answer 5

Empiricism

Question 6

We can acquire knowledge by thinking with the use of our minds.

Answer 6

Rationalism

Question 7

What philosophers call the rational faculty?

Answer 7

Rationalism

Question 8

Sources of knowledge in Rationalism

Answer 8

-innate ideas
-intuition
-deduction

Question 9

To know is to know something.
This “something” is what philosophers call reality, existence, being.

Answer 9

Reality

Question 10

Our first and only contact with reality is
through our senses. Knowledge begins with
perceptual knowledge.

Answer 10

Perception

Question 11

After we perceive things, we began to notice
that some of the things we perceive
are similar to other things

Answer 11

Concept

Question 12

An abstract or generic
idea generalized from particular instances.

Answer 12

Concept

Question 13

A statement that asserts or denies something about an object, person, event, or action (an “existent”).

Answer 13

Proposition

Question 14

Types of Propositions

Answer 14

Affirmative Propositions
Negative Propositions

Question 15

Says something is true

Answer 15

Affirmative

Question 16

Says something is not true

Answer 16

Negative

Question 17

A group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe one of the others (the conclusion)

Answer 17

Inference

Question 18

How do we demonstrate that the statement is true?

Answer 18

By providing an argument.

Question 19

The second part of epistemology: validating one’s knowledge.

Answer 19

Reduction

Question 20

“How did I arrive at this belief, by what steps?”

Answer 20

Perception

Question 21

Other ways to determine if a statement is true

Answer 21

• Proof
• Consensus
• Means of action

Question 22

Knowledge validated and when we say validated, we mean they are based on the facts of reality.

Answer 22

Truth

Question 23

Based on emotions

Truth or Opinion

Answer 23

Opinion

Question 24

Based on the facts of reality

Truth or Opinion

Answer 24

Truth

Question 25

Open to interpretation Truth or Opinion

Answer 25

Opinion

Question 26

Can be confirmed with other sources Truth or Opinion

Answer 26

Truth

Question 27

Independent of one’s interpretation, preferences and biases Truth or Opinion

Answer 27

Truth

Question 28

Cannot be confirmed Truth or Opinion

Answer 28

Opinion

Question 29

Inherently biased Truth or Opinion

Answer 29

Opinion

Question 30

What we believe or say is true if it corresponds to the way things actually are based on the facts.

Answer 30

THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

Question 31

A belief is true when we are able to confirm it with reality.

Answer 31

THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

Question 32

In order to know the truth of a statement, it must be tested as part of a larger set of ideas.

Answer 32

THE COHERENCE THEORY OF TRUTH

Question 33

A belief/statement is true if it has a useful application in the world.

Answer 33

THE PRAGMATIST THEORY OF TRUTH

Question 34

Different processes of determining the truth or drawing conclusions from various statement using philosophical methods.

Answer 34

Method of Philosophizing

Question 35

Philosophers believe that it is the road to wisdom.

Answer 35

Reason

Question 36

We can achieve this by an act of “disciplined conversation".

Answer 36

Dialect Method

Question 37

Socrates compared to an intellectual midwife.

Answer 37

Dialect Method

Question 38

Socrates’ aim was to achieve what he called the good life which is based on the proper care of one’s soul. The soul can only be good if we employ it in the activity of having a clear awareness of the meaning of some words

Answer 38

Dialect Method

Question 39

They seek to make philosophy relevant by solving real life problems

Answer 39

Pragmatists

Question 40

Aims are to test the belief of science, religion and philosophy by determining their practical results.

Answer 40

Pragmatic Method/Pragmatism

Question 41

The test used for their belief of science, religion and philosophy by determining their practical results.

Answer 41

Pragmatic test

Question 42

The reality of a person is based on his immediate experience.

Answer 42

Phenomenological Method

Question 43

It focuses on careful inspections and description of phenomena and appearances, defined as an object of conscious experience, that is that which we are conscious of.

Answer 43

Phenomenology

Question 44

It arises when there is a disruption from your normal routine and when something valuable is at stake.

Answer 44

Reflection

Question 45

Two levels of reflection

Answer 45

Primary reflection and Secondary reflection.

Question 46

Focuses on the connection between language and reality.

Answer 46

Analytic Method

Question 47

Linguistic Philosophy

Answer 47

Analytic Method

Question 48

Method of breaking down the problem into all of its component parts and analyzing them for information that will help solve that problem.

Answer 48

Analytic Method

Question 49

This fallacy literally means hitting the person below the belt instead of focusing on the issue at hand.

Answer 49

Argumentum ad Hominem “Attacking the Person”

Question 50

This is committed when a person uses threat or force to advance an argument.

Answer 50

Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force)

Question 51

A person uses emotion such as pity to convince someone

Answer 51

Argumentum ad Misercordiam (Appeal to Pity)

Question 52

Most of TV commercials are guilty of this argument which exploits people’s vanity, desires, etc

Answer 52

Argumentum ad Populum Appeal to people”/Bandwagon fallacy

Question 53

Advancing an idea since it has been practice for a long time.

Answer 53

Argumentum ad Traditio “Appeal to Tradition”

Question 54

A statement is true because it hasn’t been proven false.

Answer 54

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam “Appeal to Ignorance”

Question 55

It is a fallacy in which a conclusion is taken for granted in the premises. Also called- “Circular argument.”

Answer 55

Petitio Principii (Begging the Question)

Question 56

This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on insufficient evidence

Answer 56

Hasty Generalization

Question 57

Assuming that the effect is related to a cause because both events occur one after the other.

Answer 57

Cause and Effect

Question 58

Infers that something is true of a part, is true of a whole

Answer 58

Fallacy of Composition

Question 59

Division Infers that something is true of the whole, must also be true on its parts

Answer 59

Fallacy of Division

Question 60

Using the same term in a different situation with different meaning

Answer 60

Fallacy of Equivocation

Question 61

Which fallacy literally means hitting the person below the belt instead offocusing on the issue at hand? a. mora licensing b. equivocation c. argumentum ad baculum d. ad hominem

Answer 61

D. ad hominem

Question 62

This fallacy is committed when one reaches a generalization based on insufficient evidence. a. ad misericordiam b. false analogy c. hasty generalization d. post hoc

Answer 62

C. hasty generalization

Question 63

What type of fallacy is present in the statement, “Before we begin the debate, everyone here should know that my opponent is a convicted felon”? a. mora licensing b. equivocation c. argumentum ad baculum d. ad hominem

Answer 63

D. ad hominem