IR FINAL Flashcards

Question

# Liberal take- Climate UN turns to Climate Change

Answer 1

* 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro * Issue the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) * Leads to the regular Conference of Party (COP) meetings beginning in 1995 in Berlin * And to 1997 Kyoto Protocol in Climate Change

Answer 2

* Aims to set legally binding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions * Adopts the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities” – poor countries exempted * Creation of an Environmental Adaptation Fund to help poorer countries (a side payment) * Weak enforcement mechanisms * US President Bush unsigns in 2001, followed by Canada, Japan, and Russia * Mixed successes

Answer 3

* States agree to try to hold the increase in global temperature to “well below 2 degrees C” by the end of the century * Aim for net zero emissions by 2050 * 50% of reduction by 2030 * Each country to come up with their own action plans * To be reviewed by COP every 5 years * 2020 review concludes 3 degree rise by end of century * Growing Focus on Mitigation plus Adaptation

Answer 4

* Need to change people’s minds * Begin with creating a consensus on what is happening * Then change public and elite attitudes

Answer 5

* T.R. Malthus (1766-1834) –English cleric and economist * Predicted that population growth inevitably outruns food supplies * In effect pioneers the idea of resource scarcity

Answer 6

* 1849 – Potato blight haveles Irish food supplies * Approximately one million die, another two million emigrate

Answer 7

Restricts emissions of toxic Substances by rapidly growing industry

Answer 8

* James Ranald Martin – English Conservationist * Teddy Roosevelt in the US

Answer 9

1940s – English Scientist Guy Stewart Callendar warns of human induced (anthropogenic) global warming

Answer 10

* Book “Silent Spring” -Rachel Carson -Book about pesticides

Answer 11

* 1968 – Club of Rome – Limits of Growth * 1969 – Green Peace Founded – Preserving the environment * Green Movements emerge – especially strong in Europe * The Culture Becomes engages -Movies: -->Soylent Green (1973) -->Day after Tomorrow (2004)

Answer 12

Forging an Epistemic Community on Climate Change – James Hansen (NASA) -- 1988 * Scientists and Policy makers from around the world share views * Over time come to common understandings and shifting understanding of interests – in the long run identity * The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Answer 13

Greta Thunberg, UN, 2019; Earth Day Walk, India 2020) Growing global concern – with some big exceptions

Answer 14

Green is the New Red: * A marxist take * Capitalism is inherently destructive of the environment * Only root and branch transformation/elimination of capitalism will solve the problem

Answer 15

* Environmental degradation may cause social unrest and failed states (Realism) * Eg. Sudan * Competition for Scarce resources promotes inter-state violence (Realism) * Creates incentives for states to cooperate (Liberalism) * Emergence of Environmental Consciousness shifting the definition of national interest (Constructivism) * Growing Environmental Destruction another manifestation of the internal contradictions of capitalism– leading to revolution (Critical Theory/Marxism)

Answer 16

Two Developments shape the character of Migration today: The nation state and the expanded role of Government in managing the economy

Answer 17

* Expand the workforce - Bring new skills and knowledge - Do work others unwilling to do * Source of Entrepreneurship * Pay taxes - Especially important for aging societies * Cultural Enrichment * Potential Military resources * Share common tires – religion, ethnicity, family relations

Answer 18

* In a world of states they would seem fragile and easy to brush aside * Yet, states and leaders spend an enormous amount of time and energy creating them, they refer to them constantly and are remarkably persistent * Why?

Answer 19

* A norm – a standard regarding the way the world should be * Rule – a set of regulations regarding how something is to be done * An international organization – a multilateral group with a permanent secretariat

Answer 20

* Constitutional Norms * Fundamental institutions * Regimes

Answer 21

* Sovereignty – Westphalia 1948 * 1933 Montevideo Convention – a state as a person under international law, with a defined population, territory, government, and the ability to enter into relations with another state

Answer 22

Middle East East Asia: China & Taiwan

Answer 23

* Natural Law -Divinity- Religion -Cerita principles that we have, as human beings, simply know is right -EX: Crimes against Humanity Auschwitz and Nuremberg Trials * Customary Law (Jus Gentium) -Origins in Roman Empire -Generally accepted rules, that shouldn't need to be explained -->Ex: If there is a storm at sea, a ship should seek shelter a any port and the port should give haven for the ship -->EX: Diplomatic Immunity ------->Accreditation of Ambassadors ------->Persona non gratis * Positive (Contractual Law) -Arrived at by agreement, agreement to abide by certain -A Positive law is a general command issued by the sovereign of an independent political society (a contract)

Answer 24

Examples: -Nonproliferation Regime -UN Convention on the Law of the Sea -International Convention on Civil and political Rights (1966)

Answer 25

* A set of Western institutions reflecting Western discourse and interest * Spread World Wide

Answer 26

* Increases emphasis on positive law (Chiristian Reus-Smit) * Increasingly Multilateral (1815 Congress of Vienna) * Reasoning by analogy (Fritz Kratochwil) * Increased move towards institutional autonomy * Recently increasingly supranational

Answer 27

* 1864 – The Geneva Convention on treatment of prisoners and wounded * Drawn up in response to the 1859 Franco-Italian (piedmont War) * Participation of the COmmittee of the International Red Cross * Part of a trend towards giving NGOs a role in creating and managing international law and Organizations * Updated multiple times – most importantly 1925

Answer 28

* 1899 and 1907 –Treaties of the Hague -Jus in Bello * Outlaws Dum Dum Bullets, Aerial bombardment and poison gas * Prosecuting War Crimes - Like handing out speeding tickets at the Indy 500?

Answer 29

Eleanore Roosevelt with the text of the 1948 Universal Declaration

Answer 30

* Nazi defendants at Nurembers, 1948 * Serb leader Radovan Karadzic being Led to face trial at the International Criminal Tribunal Yugoslavia, 2008 **The International Criminal Court** -Established in the Hague, Netherlands, 2002 An American Nightmare -Movenment to indict Kissinger for war crimes: Support for the PPinochet Regime in Chille; Bombing in South Vietnam

Answer 31

* International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) -Eg: UN, World Bank, NATO * International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) -World Wildlife Federation, Amnesty International * Hybrid -International Labor Organization (ILO), International Organization for Standardization (ISO) -Many Public Interest Unions (PIUs)

Answer 32

* Realists see institutions as reflective of the existing balance of power * Create them to pursue mutual interests * Limited by relative gains * Hegemon can mitigate relative gains concerns * Useful tools, but nothing more

Answer 33

* States create international institutions based on rational calculation of interest * Norms and regulative (eg. like traffic lights) * As the world globalized and states become more interdependent institutions become more supranational * More NGOs take on a role * Rules become more binding

Answer 34

The state is held responsible for create a unifying national narrative they can believe in and to uphold the values they hold dear Citizens expect the state to manage the economy and provide a social safety net

Answer 35

* Some fears are economic -Fear of labor market competition -Fear of competition for welfare benefits

Answer 36

* Can immigrants be incorporated into the “nation”? * Long term migration Raises the use of how to define the Nation? -Shared Creed? How do we know they share those ideals? -Shared Language? -Shared ethnicity (race)? * The definition are contested and often shift over time

Answer 37

* In the Middle East 5.6 million Palestinians live in refugee camps – many since the wars with Israel in 1949 and 1967 * Arab League has instructed its members not to grant them citizenship so as to “avoid the dissolution of their identity and protect their right to return to their homeland” * Israel has viewed these communities as security threats leading to periodic clashes and invitations – notably in Lebanon and Gaza * Many Arab countries tend to view refugees as internal security threats – notably in Lebanon and Jordan

Answer 38

Assaination of US President William McKinley by Leon Colgosz, Polish Anarchist, September 6, 1901

Answer 39

* Some crimes – ie visa violations – can only be committed by foreigners * Need to control for age, gender, and employment * Discriminatory targeting of minority groups by law enforcement

Answer 40

* Only a very small percentage of immigrants in Europe join terrorist organizations * Perceptions that immigrant communities are discriminated against can increase the incidenct of terrorism * To prevent terrorism the cooperation of the immigrant community is critical * Historically, police recruited from communities best able to police those communities

Answer 41

* Europe has seen the rise of right-wing populist parties – especially over the past 10 years * Number one issue for most of them – stopping immigration

Answer 42

The immigration Dilemma: * Control Immigration too much 1-Fail to reap the benefits of migration 2-Prevent the long-term integration of migrants * Control immigration too little 1-Incur the costs of immigration 2-Face a political backlash

Answer 43

* Entry/exit rules – visas * Border control * Internal controls – inspections, raids, employer sanctions, documents * Detention * Deportations * Cooperation with sending states

Answer 44

* Need to set up procedures to handle visas, border management, deportations, etc. * Share information on possible ciminal/terrorist connections

Answer 45

* Without draconian and costly methods, there will be a growing foreign born population * Various stages and dimensions of integration – legal, economic, social, etc. * Global migration: Number of people living abroad at a record high

Answer 46

* Refugees are both a tool of the national interest and a potential threat to it * Warrior Refugees can be a potential source of military power -Ex: Afghan Mujahideen -Ex: The Taliban * Refugees are also a potential source of inter-state conflict Afghanistan: Rise of the Warrior Refugees * After the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 4 million Afghans flee to neighboring Pakistan, over a million more to Iran * US and Pakistan armed the men and sent them back to fight the Soviets as Mujaheddin * After the Soviets defeated, Pakistani intelligence (the ISI) used its ties to create the Taliban * After the US toppled the Taliban, Pakistan gave refuge to many keeping the insurgency alive until the US driven out/left in 2021 Example of Refugee triggered conflict– Haiti 1992 * 1991 – President Jean Bertrand Aristide tippled by Haitian Armed forces * Civil unrest and state sponsored violence leads to a large-scale refugee crisis – initially 50,000 flee to the US by boat. Others via Mexico * → crisis at the US’ doorstep --September 15, 1994 – President Bill Clinton announce Operation Uphold Democracy -->25,000 US troops take over Haiti and restore Aristide – stay for the next two years until the UN takes over

Answer 47

* Immigration in general raises a profound questions about national identity and values * Some refugees may fit the national self understanding * Others pose a challenge – especially in states with a strong ethno-cultural self definition -Ex: Israel -->The Example of Israel – whoever is a Jew deserves a home in Israel -->But Israel is contested Homeland – 948 – the Nakba – Approximately 700,000 Palestinians flee -->UN Relief and works Agency for Palestinian Refugees Orgnized to create temporary camps – are there still -->But are not all Welcome – the problem of Palestinian refugees. One of the most intractable problems in International Politics

Answer 48

* Refugees pose an urgent humanitarian challenge (Human Security) * They also are a major challenge for absorbing into the existing domestic socialism economic and political order * International institutions are needed to manage the challenge, but lead to severe coordination problems

Answer 49

* 1915 Armenians fleeing Turkey * From 1919 on Russians Fleeting the Russian revolution * 1922 Greeks flee Turkey and Turks flee Greece * Jewish and other Refugees fleeing the Third Reich after 1933

Answer 50

* During WWI – Turkey deports Armenian population suspected of Russian sympathies * Approximately 2 million die of starvation and prosecution * First time the word “Genocide” applied

Answer 51

* US Ambassador to Turkey * Organizes relief operations to help Armenian refugees – over $100 Million raised

Answer 52

* League of Nations sets up a Commission to deal with refugee issues * Led by celebrated Norwegian Arctic explorer * Immediately faced with a number of crises: * Resettlement of WWI Prisoners of War from over 30 countries * Famine relief in Russia * Resettlement of Greek – Turkish refugees resulting from WWI * Continued efforts to help resettle Armenian from Turkey

Answer 53

* 1939 – Tragedy of Jewish Refugees on the St. Louis, US turns away over 900 Jewsish refugees

Answer 54

* German Victims – 6 million Jews and approximately 6 million additional victims – gypsies, poles, homosexuals, socialists, handicapped, etc., plus anti-partisan reprisal killings, –12 million total * Japanese Victims in East Asia – approximately three to ten million civilians killed in counter-insurgency campaigns * Soviet Victims – 1 to 1.2 million killed in purges, 5-7 million starved to death in the Ukraine and Kazakhstan, 1.5 to 1.7 million in the Gulag archipelago, 500,000 – killed in the collectivization of agriculture – total: 8 to 10.2 million

Answer 55

* People with a well- founded fear of persecution have a right to asylum * Persecution defined as political persecution (not famine, unemployment, etc.) * Principle of non-refoulement – don’t send people back to face persecution * Central Principle of the Geneva Convention * Creates the UNHCR * Initially limited to before 1951 and Europe – limitations removed in 1967 Protocol

Answer 56

* 1969- OAU Convention on Refugees – expands to include those facing discrimination based on rade, ethnicity, and political belief (focus on Arpartheid) * 1984 – Organization of American States in Cartagena, Colombia expanded the definition to those who lives or security have been threatened by generalized violence

Answer 57

* Current head – Filippo Grandi (former Italian Diplomat) * Budget of approximately $9 billion a year * Sets up refugee camps, provides food aid, medical services, etc. * Advocated for Refugees and in recent decades displaced persons and coordinates national and private relief aid * First goal - save lives * Second goal - seek longer term solutions -return or integration into another society * Major controversy over return versus resettlement

IR FINAL Flashcards

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