1
Q
colonialism
A
the conquest and control of other people’s land and goods
2
Q
neo-colonialism
A
former colonial powers mentain economic and political influence over newley independent nationa rheough inderect means, such as multinational corporations, international finnantial institutions and military agreements
“last stage of imperialism”
3
Q
decoloniality
A
project that tries to delink modes of knowledge from european ways of knowledge
4
Q
orientalism
A
knowledge of the Orient that places things Oriental in class, court, prison, or manual for
scrutiny, study, judgment, discipline, or governing. Orientalism was ultimately a political
vision of reality whose structure promoted the difference between
the familiar (Europe, the West, “us”) and the strange (the Orient,
the East, “them”)
A certain freedom of intercourse was
always the Westerner’s privilege; because his was the stronger cul
ture, he could penetrate, he could wrestle with, he could give shape
and meaning to the great Asiatic mystery.
! Such strength and such weakness are as intrinsic
to Orientalism as they are to any view that divides the world into
large general divisions, entities that coexist in a state of tension
produced by what is believed to be radical difference.
For that is the main intellectual issue raised by Orientalism
5
Q
Postcolonialism and IR
A
- Capitalism: the history of colonialism is also about the capitalism system that uses raw material and human labour from colonized coutnries
- Racism: it was one of the ways in which colonialism was legitimised
- knowledge production: particular way of producing knowledge that justifies the colonial project. They justify violence/ representations with associating the west with enlightement, reason, truth and the east as backwardenss, savageness, exotic etc
! both material and ideational
6
Q
The 4 biases of IRT
A
- Eurocentrism: justification to colonialism= civilising missions
- False universalism: western ideals are universal ideals (concepts like democracy, development, universal human rights, Thirld world). Social theories in their core are political and therefore they cannot be universal per se.
- Agency denial: like how cuba is ignored when talking about the misstle crisis, no agency for the palestenians
- Absence of historicization: They are more positicist, they all start with a starting point like sovereign states or markets, so you ignore a lot of historical events that are relevant
7
Q
the 2 sides of naturalisation
A
dominant position: understand priveledge as natural being in power is the ability not to question yourself and your behaviour
marginal position: double consciousness looking at oneself through the eyes of the dominant and experiencing the dominant discourse as well as the marginal self
truth changes based on whos in power: regime of truth
8
Q
failed state
A
failes to maintain a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence within its own tenito,y, and provide basic services to its own people, and command respect for its authority both internally and externally.
9
Q
operational definitions of war
A
intensity threshold: over 1000 battle related deaths per year
for armed conflict is 25
10
Q
types of war and conflict
A
-interstate
- intrastate (civil wars: armed groups represanting the state and other non-state group(s) )- they can last veeery long
- internationalized intrastate (spilover fro civil?)
- extrastate (non-state actors: rebel groups, terrorists, millitias)
11
Q
Power Distribution and the Risk of War
A
The relationship between power distribution and the likelihood of war is explained differently by two major theories:
- Balance of Power Theory: Suggests that parity between states leads to stability. When power is evenly distributed, no single state is dominant enough to threaten others, reducing the incentive for conflict.
- Power Transition Theory: Argues that parity increases the risk of war. When a rising power approaches parity with a dominant one, the threat to the status quo can trigger conflict, especially if the rising power is dissatisfied.
12
Q
war of attrition
A
is a military strategy where each side tries to gradually wear down the other by inflicting continuous losses in personnel, equipment, and resources. The goal is not necessarily to win through a decisive battle, but to exhaust the opponent to the point where they can no longer continue fighting.
13
Q
terrorism
A
unlawful use or threatened use of violence against civilians, often rto acheive political, religious, or similar objectives
14
Q
IPE
A
considers flows of production, distribution and consumption across national borders, recognizing importance of not just national governments play a role, but also foreign governments and international institutions. It considers that the state plays a role in production, distribution and consumptions. Economics is the study of production, distribution and consumption of scarce resources.
din slides
15
Q
Mercantelism
A
- state controls the market/ politics is in charge of economics
- exports strengthen state power, imports weaken state power
- advocates subsidies on exports and tariffs on imports
- economic competition between states in zero-sum game
16
Q
Economic liberalism
A
- market oriented principles (have to be autonomous)
- countries gain from trade
- comparativre advantages (?)
- important role of institutions WTO
- multinational corporationsare positive enterpreses in driving up competition, innovations and specialisation
- economic exchange via free market is a positive sum-game
- stet should only intervene in case of market failures
! both realists and liberalists agree that it is important that the cpaitalist system functions well so that we have global stability
liberals argue that the market is autonomous
17
Q
when does the state intwrvene
market failures
A
- monopoly of a singe company: which reduces consumer choice (states should guarantee that the market remains competitive)
- the state has to intervene in order to provide pulbic goods: street lights, universities, roads, clean airs (goods that are non-excludable where you cannot exclude individuals)
- externalities occur when the actions of one party exposes/ costs/ benefits of others who are not involved in the transaction. Negative externalities: pollution. Positive externality: research and development: research on cancer treatment, you pay for it even if you don’t use it. This has to be managed by the state because for the market they would not do this, is too expensive.
18
Q
neo-marxism
A
- class relations determine both economic and political outcomes
- class competition is a zero-sum game
- global capitalist system is exploitative in nature
- WST puts class conflict on an internaitonal scale (periphery, semi-periphery, core)
- unequal exchange: economic surplus is transfered from periphery to the core
- syrplus is appropriated from low-wage prodicers in the periphery to high wage, high progfit producers in the core
- environmental exploitation
19
Q
globalisation of the World Economy
A
- trade liberalisation: the removal of barriers to trade like tariffs/ quotas, free flow of goods and services which led to increase international trade
- finnancial integration: capital to move freely throughout coutnries, foregin direct investment and finnancial instruments-> key element to economic globalisation
- supply chain globalise: company outsource servicies/ components throughout the world and have acces to cheap labour and expertise-> problems with tariffs
- technological development: transportation, communication facilitated globalisation by reducing cosats and time associated with conducting business
20
Q
the political trilemma of the woprld economy
A
- nation state
- democratic politics
- deep economic integration
you can only have two at the same time, never three!
you have to transfer power either for the market, for your sovereignity or for democracy
21
Q
why is terrorism so famous topic
A
First, the decrease in interstate warfare since the end of the Cold War (Petterson and Eck 2018). Second, the unusual scale and intensity of some of the terrorist attacks that have occurred in the new mil- lennium, including the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York and Washington, later attacks in Paris, Madrid, London, and in other parts of the world. This violence in the midst of an otherwise relatively peaceful international system has put the issue of inter- national terrorism high on the agenda.
21
Q
terrorism definition
A
Criminal acts, including those against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public . . . intimidate a population or compel a government or an interna- tional organization to do or abstain from doing any act, which constitute offences within the scope of and as defined in the international protocols relating to terrorism, are under no circumstances justifiable by considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other similar nature.
22
Q
blowback terrorism
A
some commentators argue that the US–Western involvement in the war in Iraq leads to ‘blowback terrorism’, meaning that the war tends to increase, rather than decrease, the recruitment poten- tial to international terrorism (Mann 2003: 159–93). The same argument could be made about the Western involvement in the fight against the so-called Islamic State group (ISIL) in Iraq and Syria in 2016–17.
23
Q
purposes/def of war
A
- War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.
- The natural aim of military operations is the enemy’s overthrow … Since both belligerents hold that view, it would follow that military operations could not be suspended … until one or other side were finally defeated.
- War is merely the continuation of policy by other means. (Clausewitz)
24
new wars
- taking place in failed states?
- civilian displacement and wounding
- globalisation funding warfare by inducing poverty which makes exploitation from external parties easier
- A seemingly paradoxical feature of new wars is that many actors are, indeed, less interested in the traditional (Clausewitzian) goal of 'winning', than in that of perpetuating conflict for as long as possible. This is because they benefit from the anarchy and chaos of new wars.
- non-state actors in new wars is that they fight ~ot for um~ersal goals (lrke the
big 'isms' of the past, such as socialism), but fore the particular interests of their own. As such, today's hostilities are often fought in the name of 'identity politics , among confüctmg religious, ethnic, nationalist or tribal groups. These groups do not seek to control the state to implement any notion of the overall good, but purely to further the interests of those who sh~re their identities.
25
level of analysis
the level-of-analysis approach was introduced by Kenneth Waltz in his study of the causes of war (Waltz 1959; see also Singer 1961 and Asal, Miller, and Willis 2020). Waltz searched for the causes of war at three different levels of analysis:
- the level of the **individual** (are human beings aggressive by nature?);
- the level of the **state** (are some states more prone to conflict than others?);
- the level of the **system** (are there conditions in the international system that lead states towards war?)
26
level of analysis in studying foregin policy
- the systemic level (e.g., the distribution of power among states in the international system; their political and economic interdependence);
- the nation-state level (e.g., type of government, democratic or authoritarian; rela- tions between the state apparatus and groups in society; the bureaucratic make- up of the state apparatus);
- the level of the individual decision maker (his/her way of thinking, basic beliefs, personal experiences and priorities).
27
ontological security
as where “an actor has a consistent sense of ‘self’ by performing actions in order to underwrite its notion of “who they are”” (Zarakol, 2010, p. 3). That self-identity is constituted and maintained through a narrative that gives life to routinized foreign policy actions (Steele, 2008, pp. 2–3). With reference to states, Mitzen argues that as actors, they value these routines as they underwrite their sense of self – that is, that the state might privilege routine over other values, even when physical cost is involved (Mitzen, 2006a). As an approach, ontological security “provides leverage for
understanding how fears and anxieties at ... EU level have psycho-socio-political
effects that shape political movements, [and] policy debates ... ” (Kinnvall et al., 2020,
p. 250)
28
ontological insecurity
can be understood as the interruption in the “security of being” found in feelings of fear, anxiety, crisis, and threat to wellbeing (Kinnvall, Manners, & Mitzen, 2020). It has also been described as “fundamentally destabilising and challenging established worldviews, routines and core conceptions of selfhood”.
28
Normative Power Europe (NPE)
A concept in EU studies that describes the European Union as shaping what is considered "normal" in international politics through its values and ideas, not through force. The EU influences others by promoting its own view of how the world should work, positioning itself as a moral actor or "force for good." This shapes both how the EU sees itself and how it views others, reinforcing its identity and sense of purpose in global affairs.
29
african security trends
**Changing security challenges, but also persistent older challenges - old and new combined!**
Africa is facing a complex mix of traditional and emerging security issues. Persistent problems such as civil wars, insurgencies, ethnic violence, and weak governance structures continue to affect many regions. However, newer threats have also gained prominence, including terrorism with transnational links, climate-induced insecurity (like desertification and water scarcity), cyber threats, pandemics, and irregular migration flows. These challenges often interact with one another, creating multifaceted crises that are difficult to address with conventional peace and security frameworks.
**Renewed importance of the state**: Re-emergence of bilateral cooperation
There has been a noticeable shift back toward bilateral approaches to security, where individual African states are increasingly engaging directly with external powers. This is partly a response to frustrations with slow or ineffective multilateral responses and reflects a desire for more control and faster results. For example, countries like Rwanda and Uganda have deployed troops to neighboring countries or partnered with non-African states like Turkey, Russia, or the UAE for military support or training. This trend suggests that African states are reasserting their sovereignty in security matters and selectively choosing partners based on strategic interests.
**Weakening support of multilateralism**: Erosion of support and feasibility of traditional UN peacekeeping
Support for multilateral peacekeeping, especially through the UN, is declining. Traditional UN peacekeeping missions have been criticized for being slow to deploy, inadequately equipped, and sometimes poorly aligned with local dynamics. Budget cuts and political disagreements in the UN Security Council have further undermined these missions. As a result, African-led or ad hoc coalitions (such as the G5 Sahel Joint Force) are stepping in, although they often lack resources and international backing. This weakening of multilateralism has created gaps in peace operations, forcing African states to explore alternative mechanisms.
**Geopolitical dynamics**: Many different African partners, including non-Western actors
Africa’s security landscape is increasingly shaped by a wider range of external actors. While Western countries like France and the U.S. remain involved, there is growing influence from non-Western powers such as China, Russia, Turkey, the UAE, and even regional players like Morocco. These actors offer military aid, infrastructure support, arms deals, and training with fewer political conditions compared to Western partners. This diversification reflects both a multipolar world order and African agency in seeking multiple partnerships to meet their strategic needs. However, it also adds complexity to the security environment, with competing interests and overlapping initiatives.
30
coups narratvies
**Anti-coup narrative:** Africa cannot afford to delay fixing its
governance. Aspiring democracy today is crucial for better
development tomorrow.
**Pro-coup narrative**: Given the challenges Africa faces, the need for
stability and development outweighs democratic aspirations.
Democracy is a luxury Africa cannot afford right now.
31
What factors drive coups in Africa?
Traditional arguments:
* Economic underdevelopment
* Ethnic divisions
* Personal ambition
Newer perspectives:
* Previous coups
* Identity, misinformation and disinformation
* External influence and geopoliticization
31
african union organs
- Assembly: All 55 African countries (54 UN members + Western
Sahara). Elects Commission, meets at Heads of
State/Government and Foreign Minister level.
- African Union Commission: Chairperson, Deputy Chairperson,
six Commissioners. Gender and regional balance.
- Peace and Security Council: 15 member states, elected for 2 or
3 years. “Primary responsibility for promoting peace, security and
stability in Africa”. Regional balance.
32
Ad-hoc coalitions
are temporary alliances of states, often from the region, that deploy military forces to stabilize areas threatened by non-state armed groups like insurgents or terrorists. These coalitions usually rely on external support—financial, logistical, or strategic—from global powers such as France, the U.S., or Russia.
They reflect the growing militarization of African security, where armed intervention is prioritized over diplomacy or long-term development. They also show a trend toward bilateralization, as states increasingly form direct military partnerships with outside actors, often bypassing the African Union or UN mechanisms.
Examples include the G5 Sahel Joint Force and the Multinational Joint Task Force against Boko Haram, both of which combine regional troops with external backing.
32
EU Africa partnership is shaking because...
- As Europe is rearming, insufficient defense sector capacity to
export to Africa.
- Anti-Western coups leave European security partnerships
undesirable far beyond coup countries.
- Bureaucratic, cumbersome funding instruments are less
attractive than Russian, UAE bilateral security support
- Prtnership architecture is designed by more liberal governments in Europe. European
centre-right governments are...
- More transactional and less paternalistic in their approach
- But also more openly racist, non-abolitionist on dependence
- Designed for an Africa under US hegemony, not geopolitical
competition. The EU-Africa ‘partnership’ needs to...
- Account for a multiplicity of partners
- A disinterested and flimsy US policy in Africa
- Designed by staunch pan-Africanist African leaders no longer
in power.
33
coloniality of power
mentaining colonial hierarchies and mentalities, relationships of exploitation and domination
34
hegemonic stability theory
the dominant power does not merely manipulate international economic relations for its own sake; it creates an open world economy based on free trade which is to the benefit of all partici- pating states and not only the hegemon.
34
modernisation theory
The basic idea was that developing countries should be expected to follow the
same developmental path taken earlier by the developed countries in the West: a pro- gressive journey from a traditional, pre-industrial, agrarian society towards a mod- ern, industrial, mass-consumption society. Development meant overcoming barriers of pre-industrial production, backward institutions, and parochial value systems which impeded the process of growth and modernization.
35
underdevelopment
the process by which capitalist forces expand to subdue and impoverish the developing world. That is, global capitalism in one single process generates development and wealth (in the industrial- ized world) and underdevelopment and poverty (in the developing world).
36
dependency theory
Dependency theory is a neo-Marxist critique of global capitalism that challenges the idea—promoted by economic liberals—that all countries follow a similar path from "traditional" to "modern" societies. Instead of seeing underdevelopment as a stage before development, dependency theorists argue that underdevelopment is a direct result of the development of the West.
Their central claim is that global capitalism produces wealth in some regions (the industrialized West) by simultaneously creating poverty in others (the developing world). In this view, poor countries have been intentionally underdeveloped through exploitation, not because of internal deficiencies or lack of modernization.
Unlike classical Marxism, dependency theory does not expect capitalist development to naturally flourish in the Global South. And unlike Soviet Marxism, it rejects centralized authoritarian socialism, favoring instead a more decentralized and democratic socialist alternative.
Ultimately, dependency theory provides a radical critique of "late capitalism" and serves as a tool for resisting the economic domination of the Global South by the Global North.
37
IPE: The American School
**Nature of Inquiry**: Problem-solving focus — understanding how economic policies are formed and what leads to efficient outcomes.
**Theoretical Approach**: Formal theorizing using economic models; emphasis on Open Economy Politics (OEP) framework.
**Methodology**: Positivist, hypothesis testing with quantitative methods and formal models.
**Key Focus**: State-centered, domestic economic policy formulation and international bargaining.
**Foundations:** Works by Keohane & Nye (complex interdependence), Gilpin & Kindleberger (hegemonic stability), Krasner (international regimes), Katzenstein (domestic factors).
- OEP Framework Components:
- Domestic actors’ interests deduced from economics.
- Political institutions mediate these interests.
- Bargaining models explain international negotiation outcomes.
**Criticism**: Focuses on advanced economies (triad: North America, Western Europe, East Asia), neglects Global South and big historical/global questions. Increasing "economism" leads to fragmented and narrow inquiry.
37
modern mercantelism
1. It strikes a balance between national autonomy and international integration; i.e., between incorporation into the world market and self-reliance.
2. It strikes a balance between state and market; i.e., between free market forces and state regulation.
3. Foreign direct investment by TNCs can be a strong modernization factor, but only provided that TNCs are counterbalanced by local industry and host government supervision.
38
IPE: The British School
**Nature of Inquiry:** Critical theory — focuses on identifying unfair outcomes and discussing fairness and justice.
**Theoretical Approach**: Eclectic, multidisciplinary, often inspired by Marxism and critical theory.
**Methodology**: Historical, interpretative, qualitative methods.
**Key Focus**: Non-state actors, global-level big questions, historical transformations (e.g., globalization).
**Foundations**: Susan Strange (eclectic critical approach), Robert Cox (Gramsci-influenced, long-term historical perspective).
**Characteristics**: Normative and critical, openly challenges the status quo and inequality of the global system.
**Criticism** by American School: Lacks formal rigor and scientific method.
39
Prisoner's dilemma
is a concept in game theory that illustrates how two rational actors might choose not to cooperate, even when cooperation would lead to a better overall outcome. In its classic form, two suspects are offered a deal to betray each other or remain silent; while mutual silence results in the least punishment, fear of betrayal drives both to defect, leading to a worse result for both. This dilemma captures the tension between individual self-interest and collective benefit. A real-world example is climate change, where countries are incentivized to continue polluting to boost their own economies, even though global cooperation to reduce emissions would benefit everyone in the long term.
39
Green theory
is a critical approach in international relations that focuses on the relationship between global politics and the environment. It challenges traditional IR theories—like realism and liberalism—for overlooking ecological sustainability and the unequal environmental burdens placed on the Global South. Green theorists emphasize that environmental issues, such as climate change, deforestation, and resource depletion, are deeply political and tied to questions of justice, inequality, and global power dynamics. The theory advocates for sustainable development, environmental ethics, and global cooperation to address ecological crises, highlighting that environmental degradation is both a symptom and a cause of broader systemic problems in the international order.
40
marxs on values
Marx wanted to bring our ethical judgments down to earth. They did not, he thought, come from God or from reason but from the economic basis of our society and the means we use to produce the goods we consume. He did not consider a different earthly possibility: that our ethical judgments have a biological basis in our origins as social mammals. The intuitive responses by which we judge many things to be right or wrong have their origins in the behavior and feelings of our human and pre- human ancestors and were suited for life in a small group in which everyone knew everyone else.
41
globalisation
*beyond a world of sovereign states*
* The world is increasingly becoming one integrated community
* Environmental, economic, financial, military, and legal systems and interdependencies are increasingly global in nature
* Challenges we face increasingly call for global institutional responses, transcending state levels
41
internationalisation
rowing ties *between* sovereign states
42
# liberal, based on kant on the idea of personhood who can reason
john rawls on justice
Rawlsian ethics is a theory of justice that focuses on treating all individuals as free and equal, not based on how things actually are in society, but as a moral idea. It builds on the idea of a "social contract," where fair rules are chosen by imagining what people would agree to if they didn’t know their own position in society. Rawls believes that since people have different views about what a good life means, society should not favor one view over another. Instead, justice should come first—protecting everyone’s basic rights and making sure opportunities are fair for all. This means creating rules that are fair to everyone, especially the least advantaged.
! its good that there are differences but society should be structured in a way that benefits the least advantaged members
Rawls extends his theory of justice to the global level by imagining how societies (not individuals) would choose fair rules to govern international relations. In this "original position for peoples," each society acts as a representative, not just individuals. Rawls emphasizes respecting diversity between societies (pluralism) and encourages mutual tolerance. When applying his ideas to global issues like climate change, the difference principle—which says inequalities are only acceptable if they benefit the least advantaged—could suggest richer countries should do more. But a challenge arises: can different societies with different values all agree on shared principles for justice, like in his idea of an overlapping consensus?
| right before the good, all opinions are good
## Footnote
laws have to be choses by all mebers contracted by the society, they have to freely chose to be bound by certain principles/ rules, thus creates legitemacy of liberal institutions
43
methods to reduce emitions
- **polluters pay**
- **equal shares for all**
- **aiding the worts-off** (make the developing developed,or the most vulnarable ones to climate change; support the populatuons who are least responsible but most affected; distribute any remaining green house emissions such as living standards in developming nations will not be worse off; ) *the poorest countries must be obligated to reduce their GHG emissions only if they would be worse off still had rich countries born all the costs*
- **acheiving the greatest good for the greatest number of ppl: utilitarian**. Aims to minimize harm and maximise overall benefit, considering both present and future generations. We should be indifferent to whose utility this is, to we have to make all an effort since there is a global respionsability, but especially in the wealthier countries.
44
intergenerational justice
is about fairness between present and future generations—especially regarding issues like climate change, environmental protection, and resource use.
Peter Singer, a moral philosopher known for utilitarian ethics, argues that we have strong moral obligations to future generations. He believes it’s wrong to ignore the interests of people simply because they are not yet born. For Singer, the suffering of future people—due to things like global warming—is just as important as the suffering of people alive today. He criticizes governments and individuals for prioritizing short-term comfort and profit over long-term global well-being. Singer’s position supports strong climate action now to prevent harm to future generations, based on the idea that their lives and interests matter equally.
45
WTO
- dominant ide ais that free trade markets male people better off on average and in the long run
- it does so by facilitating international trade/ competition
- promoting economic growth
- foum for negotiations
- enforcing trade rules
- promoting multilateralism and good governance
46
charges against WTO
- economic globalisation places economic considerations ahead of concerns for the environment, animal welfare and human rights: **process vs product**
- economic globalisation erodes state sovereignity: **AIDS and South Africa**
- economic globalisation affects everyone, but only a small group of rich countries dominate these negotiations and push their trade interest: **the WTO is no longer dominated by the Quad, but it remains a constant struggle to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed countries, can pro- tect their interests as adequately as richer states can.**
- economic globalisation increases inequeslity; or a stronger charge it make the rich richer and leaves the world's poorest people even worse off than they would otherwise have been: **it does make the rich richer but also helps the poor- not necessarly with money/ income but standard of living and healthcare**
47
Singer of morality
If you can do something where you dont sacrifice smth of equal bad, it is your duty to do it.The sacrifice is minimum compared to the substantial impact you can have on saving lives and reducing suffering.
48
Cosmopolitan ethics
the lack of direct contact with someone does not diminish our ethical responsability. It argues that our ethical responsibilities do not stop at borders—we should care about the rights and well-being of people everywhere, not just in our own country.
49
effective altruism
apply evidence based to prioritize impact, since aid is not usually efficient. Wants to be neutral, has a cost-effectiveness thinking.
50
critique agains the aid industry
**!** aid has not only failed to deliver systemic economic growth but also perpetuated this cycle of **dependency** and **corruption**.
- African countries are reliant on external easy funds rather than their own money, they don't build theyir own growth policy, they are lazy.
- Countries have bad institutions, so funds are being misused-> enriches a very small elite and not towards public good
- Aid can distrupt local markets, like create price distortions, inefficiencies. Food aid repress local agriculture by replacing it with subsidised goods.
- Aid crowds out prvate sector investment, because there is less incentive for the governments to create a business safe environment to attract private business. This aid makes them lazy to do reforms
## Footnote
here she promotes trade over aid; integrating african economies into the global trade system. initiatives like micro-finnances (small loans that donors might give, it works well because they try to give more to women)
51
solution for refugee cristis
it is a moral obligation but opening borders is not a relaistic strategy in the forseeable future. Resource allocation: international support for countries bearing the greatest refugee burden also makes economic sense: it takes Jordan 3000 euro to suppoert one refugee a year, it takes gernamny 12000
51
impartial care
În concluzie, argumentul pentru îngrijirea imparțială față de străini și persoane de alte rase, conform surselor, se bazează pe principiul fundamental al egalității umane, pe necesitatea universalizabilității judecăților morale, pe irelevanța distanței și a legăturilor naționale/rasiale atunci când există o nevoie urgentă și costul ajutorului este mic, pe respingerea prejudecăților rasiale ca nejustificate imparțial și pe urgența morală de a aborda sărăcia extremă globală care depășește prioritățile bazate pe proximitatea națională sau pe identitatea rasială
52
War making for
protection, extraction, state making
53
war in realism
Balance of Power says: "We’re equal — better not fight."
Power Transition says: "Now that we’re equal, time to fight for dominance."
54
PoliSci Y1
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
