ocr Gcse Religious Studies > Islam > Flashcards

Islam Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Sunni core beliefs

A

Six articles of faith

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2
Q

6 articles of faith

A

Tawhid, malaikah, kutub, nubuwwah, akhirah, Al quadr

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3
Q

Tawhid

A
  • absolute faith in the oneness of god
  • believe people should live by following his rules
  • ‘there is none like him’
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4
Q

Malaikah

A
  • Allah’s greatness means he can’t directly communicate with humans
  • message passed through angels
  • first creation = obey him
  • recording angels encourage Muslims to do good if they want a place is paradise
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5
Q

Kutub

A
  • respected
  • qur’an = direct + unchanged word of Allah - revealed through prophet Muhammad
  • give guidance = how to live life on the right path
  • ‘recite in the name of your lord who created’
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6
Q

Nubuwwah

A
  • respected not worshipped
  • communicated with prophets through angels
  • teach how to live how Allah wished + how to obey his laws
  • ‘you have in the prophet of allah an excellent model’
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7
Q

Akhira

A
  • belief in day of judgement
  • this life is a test
  • if you pass heaven -Al’Jannah
  • if you fail hell - Jahannam
  • encouraging them to do good
  • ‘never think of those who have been killed in the cause of Allah as dead. Rather, they are alive with their lord’
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8
Q

Al qadr

A
  • belief in predestination
  • believe Allah knows + decides everything
  • everything follows a divine plan showing Allah’s will
  • even though Allah determines everything - free will = we are responsible + held accountable for our actions
  • ‘in all things the master planning is god’
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9
Q

Shi’a core beliefs

A

Usul ad-din

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10
Q

Usul ad-din

A 
Al Tawhid 
Al adl
Al imamah
Al nubuwwah
Al ma’ad
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11
Q

Al adl

A

-belief in divine justice
-god will judge everyone on the day of judgement
-Allah is always right and just = may act in ways beyond our understanding
-face judgement in afterlife - follow right path to pass any test god gives
‘Every soul will be paid in full of its deeds’
-al ma’ad (belief on day of resurrection

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12
Q

Al imamah

A
  • protect the religion
  • good Muslims down the right path
  • ‘we made them leaders who guide by our command’
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13
Q

Sunni imam views

A
  • leader of prayer in mosque
  • just human and can make mistakes in their interpretations
  • not considered to be perfect
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14
Q

Shi’a imam views

A
  • Direct successors of Muhammad + chosen by Allah
  • 12 were direct descendants of Muhammad - first being Ali
  • infaillible + inspired by Allah
  • authority to interpret Islamic law + what qur’an says
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15
Q

Shi’a successor view

A

Alu was the first imam + successor of muhammad

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16
Q

Sunni successor view

A

-followed Abu bakr as his successor + elected others after that

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17
Q

Sunni Quran views

A

Eternal like Allah - always been in existence though not in written form

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18
Q

Shi’a Quran views

A

Not eternal - created by Allah - can be added to + interpreted by humans

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19
Q

Tawrat

A

Torah - god’s revelations to Moses

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20
Q

Zabur

A

Psalms - gods revelations to David

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21
Q

Injil

A

Gospels - gods revelations to isa

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22
Q

Sahifah

A

Scrolls - god’s revelations to ibrahim

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23
Q

Kutub points

A

Original belief system = same for all
Distorted overtime - lost true word of god
Final revelation through Quran = record of Allah’s words exactly + not changed

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24
Q

Sunna

A

What Muhammad did

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25
Hadith
What Muhammad said
26
How can the Hadith and Sunna be used
To help Muslims lead a life like Muhammad
27
Hadith and sunna views
- some believe only Quran should be followed - this shouldn’t be used bc it’s not exact words of Allah - Shi’a Muslims refer to hadith of Ali to help their decision making - Muslims might also refer to the opinion of Muslim lawyers and scholars
28
Qur’an quote
‘We have revealed to you this book with the truth, as a confirmation of previous scriptures and a supreme authority on them’
29
Jibril
- chief angel - brought messages to Muhammad and all other prophets - human form when telling Mary she’s pregnant - bringer of good news - vital role in communicating final version of Islam to humanity - knows beauty of paradise + how hard it is to get there + seen hell
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Izra’il
- angel of death | - ends people’s lives by taking their final breath
31
Israfil
Angel of last judgement | Blows trumpet to announce day of judgement
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Mika’il
- guardian of heaven - friend of humanity + rewards righteous - asks Allah to forgive people’s sins = angel of mercy - mika’il + jibril will be present on the day of judgement
33
Angels
Allah’s first creation Created with nur (divine light) Important, free of sin, without free will Primary source of communication between Allah + humanity
34
Recording angels
Record all humans do + say for the day of judgements Musl8ms try to live good lives because they record all deeds in the book of life. Muslims try to please Allah by being the best person they can be in thought, word and deed and be honest, truthful and kind.
35
Day of judgement
Welcome obedient to Allah to heaven + disobedient thrown to hell
36
Angel quotes
‘Praise to Allah… who made the angel messengers’ | ‘They exhale him night +day + do not slacken’
37
Five pillars
Obligations Muslims must satisfy to live a good + responsible life + bring them closer to god
38
5 pillars listed
Zakat, shahadah, sawm, salat, hajj
39
Zakat
- give 2.5% of income once a year Bond between rich + poor Purify wealth
40
Shahadah
Reciting declaration of faith Said in ear of baby when they’re born Try saying it before they die
41
Sawm
Fasting during Ramadan For Muslims who have reached maturity + good health Helps Muslims connect with Allah Connect + understand those who are less fortunate
42
Sawm quote
‘Decreed upon you is fasting…you may become righteous’
43
Salat
5 prayers a day at specific times Constant reminder of the importance of Allah in the life of a Muslim ‘Allah loves those who turn to him and care for cleanliness’
44
Different prayers
``` Fajar - dawn before sunrise Zuhr = midday after sun passes it’s highest point Asr = late part of the afternoon Maghrib = just after sunset Isha = between sunset + midnight ```
45
Hajj
- set out for definite purpose - annual pilgrimage to Mecca - during 12th month of Islamic calendar - Muslims expected to undertake this pilgrimage at least once in their life
46
Hajj quote
‘He will return as if he were born anew’
47
5 pillars metaphor
5 supporting structures holding up the religion = keep faith strong
48
10 obligatory acts
Form the basis of faith for Shi’a Muslims
49
10 obligatory acts listed
- salat - Sawm - Zakat - hajj - Khums - Jihad - Amr-Bil-maroof - nahi anil - tawalla - tabarra
50
Khums
Annual taxation of 1/5 gains a year
51
Allah said to prophet (zakat)
‘Whoever pays the zakat on his wealth will have its evil removed from him’
52
Jihad
Struggle | ‘Allah does not love aggressors’
53
Amr-bil-maroof
Commanding what is good
54
Nahi anil
Munkar forbid what is evil
55
Tawalla
Expressing love towards good
56
Tabarra
Expressing disassociation from evil
57
Hajj importance
- everyone = equal = sense of unity - self discipline + fulfils religious duty = closer to god - cleanses sin - most spiritual event - observe rituals in the most sacred places in the Islamic world
58
Hajj origin
- god told prophet Ibrahim to take his wife (hajira) and son (isma’il) on a journey to Arabia - told Ibrahim to leave them with some food + water - ran out of water = haïra ran up and down 2 hills - Safa + marwa in search for more - couldn’t find any so she prayed to god + water sprang from the ground = Zam zam well - Ibrahim returned + commanded to build the ka’aba as a shrine dedicated to Allah where worship would take place
59
Stages of hajj
In Mecca Sa’y Arafat
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In Mecca
Holy mosque where pilgrimage begins | Drawing closer to Allah pilgrims circle the ka’aba 7 times in an anti-clockwise direction
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Sa’y
Running between 2 hills - al-safa and Al-marwa 7 times to reenact Hejira searching for water
62
Arafat
After dawn prayer at Mina
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Exceptions to hajj
Mentally/physically unfit or insufficient funds
64
Ihram
State of holiness before beginning hajj Must wash body completely or perform wudu before they arrive at Mecca Simple dress to show modesty before Allah No sex during hajj = takes away the focus of god
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1st night hajj
Travel from Makkah to Mina and next morning travel onto the plain of Arafat - stand in or near mountain of mercy noon to dusk praising Allah
66
Second night hajj
Muzdalifah - collect small stones for 3rd day + return to Mina Throw stones at 3 pillars called jamarat- represent devil
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Eid ul adha after 3rd day of hajj
Reminder of ibrahim’s obedience when he was told by Allah to sacrifice his son
68
Hajj significance
Offers a chance to wipe clean past sins + start anew before god + commitment to Allah since it’s physically demanding
69
Hajj quote
‘Depart from the place from where all people depart and ask forgiveness of allah’
70
Shahadah + tawhid link
Déclaration of faith ‘no god besides allah’ | Muslims only believe in 1 god
71
Origins of fasting
- David fasted every other day - isa fasted for 40 days - night of power = Quran revealed to Muhammad - fasting to commemorate this
72
What does fasting show?
Devotion to Allah | Asks Muslims to temporarily abstain their needs + base desires
73
Duties during fasting
Prayers, charity, reflecting on the Quran
74
Rules during fasting
No eating food, drinking liquids, sexual activities, swearing between dawn + sunset
75
Benefits of fasting
- believe sin will be forgiven - develop greater sense of empathy - deepened connection with Allah - spend extra time studying Quran
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Fasting exemptions
Elderly People who are sick Women who are menstruating Pregnant or breast feeding women
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Night of power
Angels came down to earth Night is ‘better than a thousand months’ Muslims try staying awake the whole night to pray and study the Quran
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Eid ul adha
‘Festival of sacrifice at the end of hajj
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Bismillah
Said over sacrificed animal | ‘In the name of Allah the merciful, the compassionate’.
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Sacrifice divided into 3
1/3 family, 1/3 friends + relatives, 1/3 poor + needy
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Eid ul adha significance
Willingness to make sacrifices for Allah Opportunity to be thankful Help develop a d sense of ummah (community)
82
Eid ul fitr
Celebrated at the end of Ramadan | Public holiday
83
What happens on Eid ul fitr?
Give Zakat Go to mosque Imam deliver a kutbah- care for the needy Gather fam + friends prepare food + celebrate
84
Eid ul fitr is known as…
‘Day of reward’ after hardships of sawm
85
Importance of Eid ul fitr
Look forward on day of judgement Thankful to Allah Forget past disagreements
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Eid ul fitr quote
‘Complete the number’ Once you do this you achieve: Exaltation of Allah Gratitude to Allah for guidance during this month
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Eid ul ghadeer
Shi’a festival celebrating appointment of Ali as successor of Muhammad Presents are given and special prayers and celebratory meals
88
Ashura
Shi’a festival commemorating martyrdom of prophet’s grandson Hussayn in battle British Muslims gather in London for mourning procession Focus on their actions being in the spirit of justice + dedication to path of Allah by remembering this event and fast
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Eid ul adha important and difference
Same importance for Sunni and Shi’a Same in different countries in traditional sense - cultural celebrations + practices differ After hajj = sense of community + unity = celebrate together
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Eid ul fitr country importance
Same importance for everyone Turkeys: usually go to beach = good weather Singapore: lights illuminate streets + Ramadan bazar serves traditional food Iceland: sunrise to sunset = 22 hours - can choose to break fast with timings of nearby countries
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Eid ul ghadeer difference
Sunni Muslims don’t celebrate - believe Muhammad was calling for Ali to be respected no successor Shi’a Muslims reaffirm their commitment to their first imam Ali
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Ashura - Shi’a a
Death = symbol of struggle against injustice + oppression Mourning enable them to link with hussayn’s suffering + death Believe to help on day of judgement
93
Ashura Sunni
View it as a victory god gave to Moses Fast to show gratitude ‘Observing the fasting is prescribed for you’
94
Lesser Jihad
Removal of evil from society with the goal of making the world an abode of peace Defending Islam from threat
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Lesser Jihad rules
- in defence of Allah - no harm must be done - peace must be restored - mercy must be shown
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Lesser Jihad relevance
Less relevant now - past Muslims were being persecuted
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Greater Jihad
Struggle of every Muslim to live according to the straight path Duty + act of worship
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Greater Jihad is done by
``` - following 5 pillars Forgiving others Working for social justice Study Quran Help those in need Avoid negative qualities Avoid temptation ```
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Jihad quote
‘No bearer of burdens will bear the burdens of another’ - person + individually responsible
100
Importance of Jihad
- ensures both actions + intentions adhere to will of Allah Benefits the ummah as a whole Zakat can he,o decrease inequalities of wealth
101
Munkar
Striving against doing what is wrong
102
Ma’ruf
Seeking to do what is right
103
Holy war against
Some teachings in line with pacifism | Believenwith modern warfare there’s no such thing as a just war
104
For holy war
‘I have been commanded to fight mankind until they say ‘there is no god but Allah’’ Self defence or to defend Islam = loyalty + commitment to faith
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