people:
constantine I
founder of constiantinople
caused division of empire
emperor Justinian I (r. 527-565)
- attempt at bringing the West back under the direct control of the emperor at Constantinople was ever made,
- To much money into wars and military
- This effort essentially bankrupted the Empire, proved a short-lived success, and probably contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire that rendered it susceptible to conquest by Arab armies in the seventh century.
- updated roman law code the corpus Iuris Civilis
- rebuilt church of hagia sophia
war between Heraclius (r. 610-641) and Chosroes II (r. 590-628).
- The last great conflict between the Romans (i.e. the Byzantines) and the Sassanids
- First Chosroes’s Sassanids overran the ⊗Levant and threatened ⊗Anatolia. Then the Byzantines counter-attacked and Heraclius retook most of what they had lost. The war exhausted both empires and rendered them vulnerable to the sudden appearance of a united Arab army driven by the cause of Islam. The Sassanid Empire would collapse completely under their assault, and the Byzantines were forced to abandon control of some of their most important and prestigious territories: ⊗Egypt, ⊗Palestine, and ⊗Syria.
leader Khan Krum
- Leader of bulgars
- Krum defeated the imperial army
- killed the emperor, Nikephorus I.
- According to some sources, Krum then had the emperor’s skull lined with silver, which he then used as a drinking cup.
Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (r. 717-741)
- example of the problems created by caesaropapism found in the iconoclasm
- He particularly worried that the popular practice of venerating icons (images of Christ and the saints) was violating the commandment against making and worshiping engraven images
Caesaro-papism
means that the emperors exercise control over both the secular and spiritual administration of their empire
Monophysitism
the belief that Christ was fully divine and not really human at all
the five pillars of islam
.
Shahada-
believe in god and mahhamad is his prophet
Salat
- parying 5 times a day
- continual worship
Zakat
- charity alms for the poor
- 2.5% tax
Sawm
-during the whole month of Ramadan, Muslims fast during the daylight hours.
Hajj
-pilgramage to mecca
Jihad
- struggle’ or ‘striving’, referring to an individual’s efforts to overcome the natural desires of man.
- armed fight in holy war
Ulama
The body legal advisors and experts in interpreting Shari’
the Shari’a
- the right way (to the water hole)
- lives according to the Shari’a – Islamic law
qadi
- One group of legal experts that make up the body of the ulama are the ?, Islamic judges.
- They are the local officials who execute judgment, especially in cases of social law like marriage, divorce, and inheritance – the state is left to deal with criminal cases.
Dhimmi
especially those they considered “People of the Book” – other monotheists who had sacred scriptures (revelations) from God.
the jizyah –
-tax on non-believers (those who were not paying ♣zakat).
mawali,
These non-Arab Muslims were known as
Shi’ism
.
Sufism
- Muslim mystics
- They seek a personal union with Allah, whom they regard not as some ill-defined force in the universe but as a transcendent being who is all-powerful and all-knowing.
caesaro-papism
excersise control over both the secular and spiritial administration of their empire
imam will return as the
mahdi
