conservatism
- Anti-French revolution
- supported monarchies and nobility
- anti-democracy
- did not like the Jacobins
- supported religion
Who was the father of Conservatism?
- Edmond Burke, published Reflections of the French Revolution in 1790
Liberalism
- published the Declaration of Man and Citizen
- believed in Enlightenment ideals
- individual rights
- believed in voting rights for white, landowning males
- wanted unrestricted capitalism
- middle class based (aka the Bourgeoise)
- utilitarianism (if good for the majority, good overall)
- hands off economy
Who was the father of Liberalism?
John Stuart Mill. was a supporter of abolition as well
Liberal opinion of French Revolution
- supported the revolution at first, began to fear Jacobins, got too extreme, did not support the revolution at the end
Socialism
- wanted change to economic/social structures such as: women’s rights, abolishing slavery, workers rights)
- working class oriented (Proletariat)
- wanted to fix capitalism
- communism is a type of socialism
Karl Marx
- From Germany
- Jewish but not religious
- Marx was saying things the king of Germany didn’t like, became stateless
- becomes radicalized, supports revolutions
- believes that revolutions are the only way to spark change
The Bourgeoisie
- middle class
- those who owned something/business owners
- those with leisure time
- the oppressor in this case
- owns the means of production
The Proletariat
- working class
- blue collar
- the oppressed in this case
Communist Manifesto basic facts
Purpose: to define Communism and be the basis for the Communist Revolution
- states that Bourgeoisie came to power after the French Revolution
- Bourgeoisie uses capitalism to expand its global reach
- Capitalism based on the exploitation of the Proletariat
- Marx argues that a class war is imminent
- this class war starts with a revolution
- communists to unite the Proletariat and destroy the Bourgeoisie
What is communism?
- a classless utopia
- no hierarchy
- policies of “give what you can, take what you need”
- abolishment of public property because ownership is based on exploitation, no oppression is possible if everything is public
- support every revolutionary movement
- communism is anti-nationalism
What happens after the Bourgeoise is smashed?
- communism is the ultimate goal
- money does not define relations
- actualization achieves
- government will whither away
What is the problem w communism?
there would be a dictator as a temporary leader, who is to say when communism has been successfully achieved?
nationalism
- striving for linguistic, cultural, and religious unity
- a sense of mistrust by multicultural empires
- ultimate goal: nation state
Unification of Italy (1861)
- No national identity in Italy
- different states under different political systems
- Austrians dominated Italy
- Italy (with the help of France and led by Piedmont) kicked Austrians out
- North wanted a monarchy, the South, led by Garibaldi, wanted a republic
- after claiming southern Italy, Garibaldi leads his army to the north (where Piedmont was) and officially unites Italy
- Garibaldi handed power over to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
German Unification (1871)
- Otto von Bismarck is a Prussian Chancellor
- leads a war against Austria, Austria was the oppressor
- War against France
- Franco-Prussian war was devastating
- Prussians victorious
- this event unified the Prussians and Austrians
- in Paris, they declare the German Empire
