Issues and debates

Question 1

Universality

Answer 1

Underlying characteristics of human beings can be applied to all despite differences

Question 2

Gender bias

Answer 2

Treating one individual, group or gender different to others

Question 3

Alpha bias

Answer 3

Research that focuses on the difference between men and women, tends to exaggerates

Question 4

Beta bias

Answer 4

Research that minimises the differences between the two genders

Question 5

Example of beta bias

Answer 5

Taylor et al women tend to ‘tend and befriend’ instead of fight or flight due to an increase in oxytocin

Question 6

Androcentrism

Answer 6

Male behaviour viewed as normal

Question 7

IGNORE

Answer 7

IGNORE

Question 8

Ethnocentrism

Answer 8

Judging other cultures by ones own culture e.g TSS

Question 9

Cultural relativism

Answer 9

Berry,
Etic viewing behaviour from outside of a given culture
Emic viewing behaviour from within the culture
Behaviour can only be understood in that context

Question 10

What does Berry say that psychology does?

Answer 10

Imposed Etic

Question 11

IGNORE

Answer 11

IGNORE

Question 12

Free will

Answer 12

Doing what you want no external forces

Question 13

Determinism

Answer 13

Behaviour is out of our control

Question 14

Soft determinism

Answer 14

Some is out of our control some is not. By James

Question 15

Hard determinism

Answer 15

ALL is out of our control

Question 16

Biological determinism

Answer 16

Due to our biology we act a certain way

Question 17

Environmental determinism

Answer 17

Due to our environment we act a certain way

Question 18

Psychic determinism

Answer 18

Due to our internal conflicts we act a certain way

Question 19

EVAL: Free will vs determinism (FOR FREE WILL)

Answer 19

• People live a better quality life when they believe in free will . Roberts et al looked at students who believed in fatalism and found a higher risk of depression
• Libet et al conducted brain scans and found that before there was activity, of flick risk, brain activity increased
• But this could be the brain preparing for the conscious movement
• Determinism makes it hard to place prisoners in jail

Question 20

What is the interactionist approach

Answer 20

Nature vs nurture

Question 21

Diathesis stress model

Answer 21

An environment coupled with biology causes trigger

Question 22

Epigenetics

Answer 22

Leaving trauma on our DNA for future, like smoking

Question 23

What measures 2 people with the same trait

Answer 23

Concordance rate

Question 24

Concordance 0.1?

Answer 24

10%

Question 25

What did plomin say about IQ?

Answer 25

.5

Question 26

IGNORE

Answer 26

IGNORE

Question 27

Hollism

Answer 27

Behaviour should be studied as a whole not in parts

Question 28

Reductionism

Answer 28

Behaviour should be studied as its constituent parts

Question 29

Levels of reductionism

Answer 29

- Socio-cultural level - Psychological level - Enivronmental/biological level - Physiological level - Neurochemical level

Question 30

Environmental reductionism

Answer 30

Explain all behaviour in terms of stimulus-response learned through our lives

Question 31

Biological reductionism

Answer 31

Explain all behaviour through our biology

Question 32

IGNORE

Answer 32

IGNORE

Question 33

Idiographic approach

Answer 33

Focus studies on individual cases to understand behaviour

Question 34

Nomothetic approach

Answer 34

Study human behaviour through development of univeral principles and laws

Question 35

Is idiographic qualitative? and why?

Answer 35

Yes, usually unstructured interview. Go into depth

Question 36

Examples of idiographic

Answer 36

Little Albert by John Watson

Question 37

Is nomothetic quantitative? and why?

Answer 37

Yes, usually structured questionnaire

Question 38

Examples of nomothetic

Answer 38

Skinner studying rats and applying to humans

Question 39

Subjectivity vs objectivity

Answer 39

Nomothetic is objective | Idiographic is subjective

Question 40

EVAL: Idiographic vs nomothetic

Answer 40

- Many idiographic make up nomothetic - Difficult to generalise findings in idiographic - Both approaches very scientific - Nomothetic looses the person in the study , e.g saying person is 1% likely to develop schizophrenia tells little

Question 41

Ethical implications

Answer 41

Consequence of any research in terms of effect on individual participants or the way in which a group is studied

Question 42

Social sensitivity

Answer 42

Sieber and Stanley, studies in which there are implications or consequences on the participants or those represented

Question 43

Stages of socially sensitive research

Answer 43

- Well phrased research question - Dealing with participants, confidentiality, protection from harm etc - The ways the findings are used

Question 44

EVAL: Ethical implications of research studies and theory

Answer 44

- Benefit those researched. DSM-1 said homosexuality was a sociopathic personality disorder. 5000 men and 6000 women studied found it was a sexual expression - But can be negative, like finding criminal gene - Real world application, gov uses socially sensitive research for policies like about children - Poor research once in public can cause implications like Burt's 11+ exam, which had made up research assistants