ISSUES AND DEBATES

Question 1

Advantages of using children in psychology

Answer 1

+ Able to investigate child development and early life by determining why children behave the way they do as they age.
+ children are seen as better participants than adults as they are considered naive and will display natural behaviour
+ Understanding children thoughts can help understand adults thoughts

Question 2

Disadvantages of using children in psychology

Answer 2

-may not understand the task due to its complex language
-children can be prone to harm or long term effects
-cannot give informed consent and may be hard to give a debrief

Question 3

Describe the use of children in Saveedra and Silverman

Answer 3

• the boy and mother both gave consent
• psychological distress did occur however was a benefit in the long run as he got rid of the phobia
• a useful study in investigating phobias in children

Question 4

Describe the use of children in Bandura

Answer 4

• Children cannot give informed consent however consent was gotten from guardians
• They went through psychological distress
• The study helps us understand how children are able to imitate behaviour by observing adults

Question 5

Describe the use of children in Pozzulo

Answer 5

• Right to withdraw: - children were repeatedly told that they wouldn’t be getting into trouble as they are considered more vulnerable
• wore casual professional clothing and played crafting activities with them
• informed consent was given to their parents
• children were monitored for stress, fatigue and anxiety

Question 6

Advantages of use of animal in psychology

Answer 6

+ Easier to control the environment of animals than humans (more ethical)
+ can carry out longitudinal studies on animals
+ can tell us what similar and what is different between humans and animals

Question 7

Disadvantage of use of animal in psychology

Answer 7

-Cannot obtain reasons as to why they behave the way they do.
-Animals research is more biologically determined while humans are influenced by culture and society so can limit generalisability

Question 8

Describe the use of animals in Hassett

Answer 8

• easier to control their environment to observe their behaviour without socialisation
• can be argued that controlling the behaviour may have been stressful
• it being a comparative study showed the causes of gender differences in children
• animal ethics were kept

Question 9

Describe the use of animals in Fagan et al.

Answer 9

• The training was carried out for several weeks and almost daily as well as the motivation being food, this would have been unpractical for humans
• Animal ethics were maintained and no harm or deprivation was shown
• the training was beneficial for their well being.

Question 10

Advantages of individual vs situational

Answer 10

+ useful for society by investigating how behaviours are determined
+ educating people of the power of the situation avoids blame

Question 11

Disadvantages of individual vs situational

Answer 11

-difficult to separate the effects of a situation from the disposition of a participant
-difficult to control the environment and also difficult to establish ecological validity

Question 12

MILGRAM: Ind vs sit

Answer 12

IND:
- 14 Participants were defiant
- may have felt obligated to continue do to obtaining their role by “due to chance”

SIT:
- The location- Yale University
- were paid

Question 13

PERRY: Ind vs Sit

Answer 13

IND:
- Personal traits such as empathy levels
- the perceived threat from the protagonist

SIT:
- What type of protagonist would show
- culture

Question 14

PILIAVIN: Ind vs Sit

Answer 14

IND:
- Physical abilities (men help more than women)

SIT:
- The amount of help given was determined by which trial was taken place, the ill trials received more help than the drunk trials

Question 15

ANDRADE: I vs S

Answer 15

IND:
- the number of shapes doodled differed between them (Different doodling styles)

SIT:
- Which situation they were placed in either in the doodling situation or in the control situation that affected their performance

Question 16

POZZULO: I vs S

Answer 16

IND:
- Some children may have better familiarity with the 2 cartoon shows

SIT:
- False positives could be explained due to social factors

Question 17

BARON COHEN: Indvidual

Answer 17

• differences in scores are attributed to differences in theory of mind
• with GRP 1 having a lower theory of mind than the remaining control groups
• this can’t be due to IQ or gender recognition

Question 18

BANDURA: I vs S

Answer 18

IND:
- some children in the control group and N-aggressive group still displayed aggression

SIT:
-The number of aggressive acts were determined based on which type of model they were exposed to

Question 19

FAGEN: I vs S

Answer 19

IND:
- Elephants session times and number of sessions differed between them
- Health implications (elephant 5)

SIT:
- The elephants were placed in various situations of learning different behaviours which lead to them learning how to perform a trunk wash with the use of SPR training

Question 20

SAVEEDRA: I vs S

Answer 20

IND:
- The subjective ratings provided may have been influenced by personal factors such as age

SIT:
- His ratings changed depending on which type of therapy sessions he was covering.

Question 21

DEMENT: I vs S

Answer 21

IND:
- Rem patterns differed between participants

SIT:
- The number of dreams recalled were determined by when they were awakened either REM or NREM

Question 22

HASSETT: individual

Answer 22

IND:
- The gender of the monkey determined which toy they preferred

Question 23

HOLZEL: I vs S

Answer 23

IND:
- The average time spent on the exercises differed between the participants

SIT:
- The grey matter changes were determined based on whether they took the MBSR training or did not.

Question 24

Advantage of Nature vs Nurture debate

Answer 24

+ The distinction helps to identify inherited or learnt traits

Question 25

Disadvantage of Nature vs Nurture debate

Answer 25

-It is too simplistic to divide the debates as the 2 often combine in complex ways to influence behaviour

Question 26

MILGRAM: nurture

Answer 26

- Germans are not "different" and are not naturally obedient - due to their upbringing or environments, a person reacts differently towards obedience

Question 27

PILIAVIN: N vs N

Answer 27

NAT: - The situation caused arousal and made them feel un-easy so led to them helping more NUR: - Helping behaviour can be determined by a persons upbringing and their environment/ culture

Question 28

PERRY: N vs N

Answer 28

NAT: - Oxytocin had a biological effect on the persons attention to social cues and space preferences NUR: - Cues that we learn from the environment can affect our space preferences - empathy can be affected by our own upbringing and environment

Question 29

ANDRADE: N vs N

Answer 29

NAT: - The individual may have inherited better/ poor concentration abilities that affect their recall NUR: - People could have adopted different doodling styles

Question 30

BAERON COHEN: N v N

Answer 30

NAT: - Autism is a biological disorder leading to a low theory of mind NUR: - Individuals with autism can learn social skills and communication

Question 31

SAVEEDRA: Nurture

Answer 31

- The boy revealed how he got the phobia when he was 5 years old - Through imagery exposure he managed to learn how to overcome his phobia

Question 32

BANDURA: N vs N

Answer 32

NAT: - Girls were more likely to imitate more physical aggression (7.3) from male model than female model (5.5) NUR: - the children showed that they learnt aggressive behaviour

Question 33

FAGEN: N vs N

Answer 33

NAT: - the health implications such as trunk weakness, age and visual impairment led to poor learning from the adult elephant NUR: - The elephants managed to learn the trunk was through training with rewards

Question 34

DEMENT: N vs N

Answer 34

NAT: - Able to investigate the relationships between REM and dreams through EEG NUR: - The content of the dreams can be said to be a result of the environment and experiences in the real world

Question 35

HASSETT: N vs N

Answer 35

NAT: - The differences in hormones between females and monkeys led to their toy preferences NUR: - The relationship found between rank and interaction with toys

Question 36

HOLZEL: N vs N

Answer 36

NAT: - structural plasticity occurred NUR: - The participants had to learn the exercises from the program in order to learn how to deal with stress

Question 37

INVDIDUAL VS SITUATIONAL

Answer 37

Individual: this is plains an event will look to some feature or trait in the person themselves Situational: Looks at the social group, environment or people influencing their behaviour

Question 38

NATURE VS NURTURE

Answer 38

Nature: when characteristics traits are a result of being innate or genetically determined Nurture: When characteristics are a result of the persons personal experiences/upbringing from the environment.