Issues & Debates Flashcards

Question

Idiographic in topics

Answer 1

- Humanistic: Emphasises individual | - Psychodynamic: Use of case studies

Answer 2

Focus on your own cultural beliefs and ignoring any cultural differences

Answer 3

Concepts are bound to the culture in which they emerged

Answer 4

Exaggerating cultural differences e.g. Van Ijzendoorn et Al

Answer 5

Ignoring cultural differences, assuming cultures have the same norms

Answer 6

- The research question - Conduct of research - Institutional context - Interpretation & Applications of findings

Answer 7

- Valid Methodology - Equitable Treatment - Scientific Freedom - Ownership of Data - Values - Risk/Benefit Ratio

Answer 8

Scientists may be aware of problems caused by poor methodology but the media and the public may not be. Poor studies may therefore end up shaping important social policy to the detriment of those groups represented by the research.

Answer 9

All participants must be treated in an equitable manner and resources which are vital to the participants wellbeing are not withheld from one group whilst available to another.

Answer 10

Scientist has a duty to engage in research but at the same time has an obligation not to harm participants as well as institutions in society.

Answer 11

Some of the problems with determining ownership, involve the sponsorship of data and its public accessibility

Answer 12

Psychologists differ in their orientation towards subjective and more objective approaches. Sensitive issues arise when there is a clash in values between the scientist and the recipient of the research

Answer 13

Risks or costs should be minimised, but problems arise in determining risks as well as benefits.

Answer 14

PSychology is male dominated both in terms researchers and participant. Their research might only represent a male world view.

Answer 15

Exaggerated gender biases (Freud, due to historical context)

Answer 16

Ignoring gender differences, assuming male results will apply to females

Answer 17

- Said female sense of morality is inferior to the males as she does not experience castration anxiety - Femininity is an expression of 'failed masculinity' - 'Female vanity' is a defense mechanism that women use to make up for their sexual inferiority

Answer 18

Focus on your own cultural beliefs and ignoring any cultural differences

Answer 19

Concepts are bound to the culture in which they emerged

Answer 20

Exaggerating cultural differences e.g. Ijzendoorn et al

Answer 21

Ignoring cultural differences, assuming all cultures have the same norms

Answer 22

P- Nature and nurture cannot be separated E - Hebb said that trying to separate them is pointless as they both contribute. E - E.g. Phenylketonuria is a disorder that prevents a certain amino acid, causing brain damage. If it is detected at birth, the baby can be given a diet that avoids this amino acid and avoids brain damage. L - Things may appear to be just one but can be manipulated by the other which shows separating them to be reductionist as it doesn't consider that either can still be affected by the other even if its initially caused by one

Answer 23

P - Debate doesn't consider epigenetics E- Epigenetics refers to the material in each cell of your body that acts like a 'switch'. Life experiences control these switches and they are also passed through generations E - E.g. two twins may produce children who would differ in weight even though they have identical diets bc of epigenetic material they inherited which derived from environmental effects L - Shows nature arguments to be reductionist as it doesn't consider that some genes can be influenced by the environment and therefore be a product of nurture as well as nature

Answer 24

P - Reductionist thinking results in oversimplified explanations E - E.g. the biological approach focuses on genes and hormones as causes of mental illness, but ignores social context. The point at which a behaviour becomes clinical is determined by functional impairments not the hormone levels of genotype E - Biological approach alone cannot be used to explain psychological disorders; instead a more eclectic approach is necessary L - This is evidenced by the success of multidisciplinary treatment which combines psychological and drug therapies to better effect than one alone

Answer 25

P - Rather than one, it is better to look at an interactionist approach E - Holists look at a higher level of explanation, and reductionists only consider small contribution factors. An interactionist approach looks at how all levels of explanation link together and influence each other E - E.g. the diathesis-stress model. Biological factors create a vulnerability which is triggered by environmental factors. Tarrier et al showed combining psychological and biological treatments produced significantly lower relapse rates for SZ L - Combining reductionist explanations can help us to piece together a 'holistic' overall picture that answers more questions. In modern psychology, it's considered the best solution to H/R debate

Issues & Debates Flashcards

(49 cards)